Miriam Solomon is Professor and Chair in the Philosophy Department at Temple University, and Affiliated Professor at the Center for Bioethics, Urban Health, and Policy at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University. She works in the areas of philosophy of science, philosophy of medicine, epistemology, and feminist philosophy. She is the author of Social Empiricism (2001), Making Medical Knowledge (2015), and numerous articles. She is Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.

Jeremy R. Simon, MD, PhD, is an emergency physician. He is Associate Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center, an attending physician in the New York-Presbyterian Emergency Medicine residency, and a member of the Ethics Consultation Service at New York-Presbyterian/CUMC. His primary academic research is in philosophy of medicine, and he also writes on medical ethics.

Harold Kincaid is Professor of Economics at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He is the author of numerous books, book chapters, and articles in the philosophy of science. Among his many books is the most recent, Classifying Psychopathology: Mental Illness and Natural Kinds (2014).

PART I: GENERAL CONCEPTS

1. The concept of disease (Dominic Sisti and Arthur Caplan)
2. Disease, illness, and sickness (Bjorn Hofmann)
3. Health and wellbeing (Daniel Hausman)
4. Disability and normality (Anita Silvers)
5. Mechanisms in medicine (Phyllis Illari)
6. Causality and causal inference in medicine (Julian Reiss)
7. Frequency and propensity: The interpretation of probability in causal models for medicine (Donald Gillies)
8. Reductionism in the biomedical sciences (Holly Andersen)
9. Realism and constructivism in medicine (Jeremy R. Simon)

PART II: SPECIFIC CONCEPTS

10. Birth (Christina Schuees)
11. Death (Steven Luper)
12. Pain and suffering (Valerie Gray Hardcastle)
13. Measuring placebo effects (Jeremy Howick)
14. The concept of genetic disease (Jonathan M. Kaplan)
15. Diagnostic categories (Annemarie Jutel)
16. Classificatory challenges in psychopathology (Harold Kincaid)
17. Classificatory challenges in physical disease (Mathias Brochhausen)

PART III: RESEARCH MEDICINE

(a) Evidence in Medicine

18. The randomized controlled trial: internal and external validity (Adam La Caze)

19. The hierarchy of evidence, meta-analysis, and systematic review (Robyn Bluhm)

20. Statistical evidence and the reliability of medical research (Mattia Andreoletti & David Teira)

21. Bayesian versus Frequentist clinical trials (Cecilia Nardini)

22. Observational research (Olaf Dekkers & Jan Vandenbroucke)

23. Philosophy of epidemiology (Alex Broadbent)

24. Complementary/alternative medicine and the evidence requirement (Kirsten Hansen & Klemmens Kappel)

b. Other Research Methods

25. Models in medicine (Michael Wilde & Jon Williamson)

26. Discovery in medicine (Brendan Clarke)

27. Explanation in medicine (Mael Lemoine)

28. The case study in medicine (Rachel Ankeny)

29. Values in medical research (Kirstin Borgersen)

30. Outcome measures in medicine (Leah McClimans)

31. Measuring harms (Jacob Stegenga)

32. Expert consensus (Miriam Solomon)

PART IV: CLINICAL METHODS

33. Clinical judgment (Ross Upshur & Benjamin Chin-Yee)

34. Narrative medicine (Danielle Spencer)

35. Medical decision making: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis (Ashley Graham Kennedy)

PART V: VARIABILITY AND DIVERSITY

36. Personalized and Precision Medicine (Alex Gamma)

37. Gender in Medicine (Inmaculada de Melo Martin & Kristin Intemann)

38. Race in Medicine (Sean Valles)

39. Atypical bodies in medical care (Ellen Feder)

PART VI: PERSPECTIVES

40. The biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model (Fred Gifford)

41. Models of mental illness (Jacqueline Sullivan)

42. Phenomenology and hermeneutics in Medicine (Havi Carel)

43. Evolutionary Medicine (Michael Cournoyea)

44. Philosophy of Nursing: caring, holism and the nursing role(s) (Mark Risjord)

45. Contemporary Chinese medicine and its theoretical foundations (Judith Farquhar)

46. Double truths and the postcolonial predicament of Chinese medicine (Eric Karchmer)

47. Medicine as a commodity (Carl Elliott)