Introduction Robert Pasnau; Part I. Fundamentals: 1. Origins in Baghdad Dimitri Gutas; 2. The emergence of medieval Latin philosophy John Marenbon; 3. Byzantium Katerina Ierodiakonou; 4. The rise of the universities Steven P. Marrone; 5. Monks and friars David Luscombe; 6. Platonism Jan A. Aertsen; 7. Augustinianism Gareth B. Matthews; 8. Censorship François-Xavier Putallaz; 9. Modernity Roger Ariew; Part II. Logic and Language: 10. The development of logic in the twelfth century Christopher J. Martin; 11. Terminist logic E. Jennifer Ashworth; 12. Nominalist semantics Gyula Klima; 13. Inferences Stephen Read; 14. Sophismata Paul Vincent Spade; 15. Grammar Irène Rosier-Catach; Part III. Natural Philosophy: 16. Natural philosophy in earlier Latin thought Nadja Germann; 17. Creation and causation Taneli Kukkonen; 18. The influence of Arabic Aristotelianism on scholastic natural philosophy: projectile motion, the place of the universe, and elemental composition Rega Wood; 19. Change, time, and place Cecilia Trifogli; 20. The nature of change Johannes M. M. H. Thijssen; Part IV. Soul and Knowledge: 21. Soul and body John Haldane; 22. The soul's faculties Dag Nikolaus Hasse; 23. The nature of intellect Deborah Black; 24. Perception A. Mark Smith; 25. Mental representation Claude Panaccio; 26. Science and certainty Robert Pasnau; 27. Divine illumination Timothy Noone; 28. Skepticism Dominik Perler; Part V. Will and Desire: 29. Freedom and determinism Peter Adamson; 30. Intellectualism and voluntarism Tobias Hoffmann; 31. Emotion Simo Knuuttila; 32. Weakness and grace Richard Cross; Part VI. Ethics: 33. Happiness Lenn E. Goodman; 34. Identity and moral agency Mikko Yrjönsuuri; 35. The inclination for justice John Boler; 36. Virtue theory Bonnie Kent; 37. Action and intention Jean Porter; 38. Practical ethics Rudolf Schüssler; Part VII. Political Philosophy: 39. Religious authority and the state Antony Black; 40. Individual autonomy Cary J. Nederman; 41. Law and nature G. R. Evans; 42. Poverty Michael F. Cusato; 43. Just war Frederick H. Russell; Part VIII. Metaphysics: 44. The subject of the Aristotelian science of metaphysics Rega Wood; 45. Essence and existence John F. Wippel; 46. Form and matter Robert Pasnau; 47. Realism Alessandro D. Conti; 48. Nominalism in the later Middle Ages Joël Biard; 49. Accidents and modes Calvin G. Normore; Part IX. Theology: 50. Philosophy and theology Maarten J. F. M. Hoenen and Robert Wisnovsky; 51. Faith and reason William E. Mann; 52. Mysticism Christina Van Dyke; 53. Arguments for God's existence Brian Leftow; 54. Describing God Thomas Williams; 55. Providence Hester Goodenough Gelber; 56. The problem of evil Eleonore Stump; Appendices: A. Doctrinal Creeds: 1. The Nicene Creed Thomas Williams; 2. Creeds in Islam Dimitri Gutas; 3. Maimonides's Thirteen Principles of Faith Sarah Pessin; B. Medieval Translations: 1. Greek Aristotelian works translated into Latin; 2. Greek philosophical works translated into Latin Michele Trizio; 3. Greek philosophical works translated into Arabic Dimitri Gutas; 4. Arabic philosophical works translated into Latin Charles Burnett; 5. Latin philosophical works translated into Greek John A. Demetracopoulos; 6. Ancient philosophical works and commentaries translated into Hebrew Mauro Zonta; C. Biographies of medieval authors Robert Pasnau; Bibliography of primary sources; Bibliography of secondary sources; Index nominum; Index rerum.