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Comprehensive resource providing holistic coverage of the effect of body microbiomes on the health status of dogs and cats
Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition offers new perspective on the prevention and treatment of common health conditions in dogs and cats that arise from or result in dysbiosis of the body's microbiomes, along with providing alternative first-line solutions of utilizing nutrients--less invasive procedures in comparison to prescription drugs to treat dysbiosis in the body's microbiomes. This practical manual guides the reader through body systems that are commonly influenced by the microbiota in the microbiomes as well as accompanying dietary recommendations.
Initially, an overview of the body's microbiome including common terminology and functions of microbiomes precede the chapters on development of the body's microbiomes and factors influencing their diversity and density. The following three sections provide readers with a different perspective of commonly observed health conditions by focusing on the state of the microbiome and how the condition may be prevented and/or treated with the use of nutrients.
Written by a highly qualified author with significant experience in the field, Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition includes information on sample topics such as:
* Results of research on alternative diets and emerging ingredients' effect on the microbiomes and how to have the discussions with pet parents
* Nutrition focused calculations, feeding directions, and templates for history, and recommendation for follow-up conversations with pet parents
* Factors affecting the diversity and density of the microbiomes, such as genetics, age, sex, environment, stress, antibiotic therapy, and nutrition
* Integumentary microbiomes, covering the skin's microbiome, dysfunctional barrier syndrome, atopy (atopic dermatitis), and key nutritional factors
Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition is an essential resource for students completing companion animal health courses in two- and four-year programs, particularly those in veterinary technology, veterinary technician, and animal health technology diplomas and degrees, and it is also highly useful for students in other veterinary and animal science focused programs. Additionally, this book is essential in veterinary practices as a reference guide to support the transition into the utilization of microbiome medicine.
Comprehensive resource providing holistic coverage of the effect of body microbiomes on the health status of dogs and cats
Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition offers new perspective on the prevention and treatment of common health conditions in dogs and cats that arise from or result in dysbiosis of the body's microbiomes, along with providing alternative first-line solutions of utilizing nutrients--less invasive procedures in comparison to prescription drugs to treat dysbiosis in the body's microbiomes. This practical manual guides the reader through body systems that are commonly influenced by the microbiota in the microbiomes as well as accompanying dietary recommendations.
Initially, an overview of the body's microbiome including common terminology and functions of microbiomes precede the chapters on development of the body's microbiomes and factors influencing their diversity and density. The following three sections provide readers with a different perspective of commonly observed health conditions by focusing on the state of the microbiome and how the condition may be prevented and/or treated with the use of nutrients.
Written by a highly qualified author with significant experience in the field, Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition includes information on sample topics such as:
* Results of research on alternative diets and emerging ingredients' effect on the microbiomes and how to have the discussions with pet parents
* Nutrition focused calculations, feeding directions, and templates for history, and recommendation for follow-up conversations with pet parents
* Factors affecting the diversity and density of the microbiomes, such as genetics, age, sex, environment, stress, antibiotic therapy, and nutrition
* Integumentary microbiomes, covering the skin's microbiome, dysfunctional barrier syndrome, atopy (atopic dermatitis), and key nutritional factors
Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition is an essential resource for students completing companion animal health courses in two- and four-year programs, particularly those in veterinary technology, veterinary technician, and animal health technology diplomas and degrees, and it is also highly useful for students in other veterinary and animal science focused programs. Additionally, this book is essential in veterinary practices as a reference guide to support the transition into the utilization of microbiome medicine.
Robin Saar, RVT, VTS (NUTRITION), Canada. Robin became a Registered Animal Health Technologist in 1996 and obtained her Veterinary Technician Specialty in Nutrition in 2019. Robin's professional experience includes working in small and mixed animal practices as an RVT, and a Practice Manager, and she developed a nutrition program for a veterinary corporation. Robin has written multiple peer reviewed articles and chapters about nutrition and this is her first dedicated textbook. Her current role with AnimalBiome in the veterinary department, meets her interest in nutrition and microbiome health. Currently, Robin is the Education Director for the Canadian Academy of Veterinary Nutrition, is the President-Elect for the Academy of Veterinary Nutrition Technicians, and is a Member at Large at the American Academy of Veterinary Nutrition. She is currently completing her MSc in Animal Nutrition through Glasgow University. Her principle is "Nutrition is a part of every pet, every day."
Dr. Sarah Dodd, BVSc, MSc, PhD, DECVCN, EBVS® European Specialist in Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition, member of European College of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition. Dr. Dodd received her veterinary degree from Massey University, New Zealand, in 2016. This was followed by an MSc and a PhD in Clinical Studies and Population Medicine at the University of Guelph in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Whilst completing the academic degrees, Dr. Dodd simultaneously undertook first an internship then a residency with the European College of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition and became board certified in 2022. She has authored a number of peer-reviewed publications (articles, abstracts, and textbook chapters), co-authored a textbook on Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition and reviews manuscripts for a number of journals. Dr. Dodd is a founding member and active fellow of the Canadian Academy of Veterinary Nutrition.
Preface xvii
About the Companion Website xix
Section I Understanding a Microbiome 1
1 Common Definitions 3
1.1 Microbiome 3
1.2 Microbiota 4
1.3 Pathogens 5
1.4 Symbiosis 8
1.5 Dysbiosis 11
1.6 Probiotics 12
1.7 Prebiotics 15
1.8 Synbiotics 16
1.9 Biological Markers (Biomarkers) and Their Measurement 16
1.9.1 Genes, the Genome, and Genomics 17
1.9.2 Metabolites, the Metabolome, and Metabolomics 19
1.9.2.1 Metabonomics 22
1.9.3 The Proteome and Proteomics 23
Glossary 23
References 25
2 Functions of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 32
2.1 What Is the Gastrointestinal Microbiome? 32
2.2 Metabolic Functions 32
2.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 33
2.2.2 Gases 35
2.2.3 Amino Acids 35
2.2.4 Vitamins and Minerals 36
2.3 Structural Functions 37
2.3.1 Tight Junctions and Intestinal Permeability 37
2.4 Protective Functions 38
2.4.1 Bacteriocins 38
2.4.2 Quorum-Sensing 39
2.4.3 Immune Response 39
2.5 Participation in Bidirectional Axis Communication 39
2.6 Chapter Summary 39
References 40
3 The Origin and Development of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 44
3.1 In Utero 44
3.2 Factors Influencing the Initial Colonization of Microbiota 45
3.2.1 Presentation at Birth 46
3.2.2 Environmental Exposure 47
3.2.3 Diet Type and Method of Feeding 47
3.2.4 Age 48
3.3 Dysbiosis During Microbiome Development 49
3.4 Key Nutritional Factors 53
3.4.1 Maternal Colostrum and Maternal Milk 53
3.4.2 Prebiotics 53
3.4.3 Non-maternal Colostrum 54
3.4.4 Commercial Milk Replacer 55
3.5 Chapter Summary 55
References 55
4 Factors Affecting the Diversity and Density of the Microbiomes 59
4.1 Physiological Factors 60
4.1.1 Genetics 60
4.1.2 Age 60
4.1.3 Sex 62
4.1.4 Nutrition 62
4.1.5 Environment 64
4.2 Pathophysiological Factors 65
4.2.1 Stress 65
4.2.2 Pharmaceutical Therapy 65
4.2.2.1 Antimicrobials 65
4.2.2.2 Other Pharmaceuticals 67
4.3 Chapter Summary 67
References 68
5 Essential Nutrients and the Microbiota 73
5.1 Protein 74
5.1.1 Quantity 75
5.1.2 Quotient 75
5.1.3 Quality 76
5.2 Carbohydrates 77
5.2.1 Simple Carbohydrates 77
5.2.2 Complex Carbohydrates 78
5.2.2.1 Solubility 79
5.2.2.2 Fermentability 79
5.3 Fat 82
5.4 Vitamins and Minerals 82
5.4.1 Vitamins 83
5.4.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 83
5.4.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 84
5.4.2 Minerals 86
5.5 Processing and Digestibility of Nutrients 87
5.6 Chapter Summary 88
References 89
6 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 96
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 Why is it Important to Characterize the Microbiome? 99
6.3 Sample Collection and Preservation Methods 100
6.4 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 101
6.4.1 Microscopy 103
6.4.2 Cultivation 103
6.4.3 Molecular Methods 104
6.4.3.1 Quantitative PCR Panels 104
6.4.3.2 Amplicon Sequencing: 16S, 18S, and ITS 106
6.4.3.3 Metagenomic Sequencing 106
6.4.3.4 Metabolomics 107
6.5 Chapter Summary 108
References 108
7 Microbiome- Centric Management of Dysbiosis 112
7.1 Key Nutritional Factors 113
7.2 Probiotics 114
7.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 115
7.4 Bacteriophages 117
7.5 Chapter Summary 118
References 118
Section II The Microbiome's Involvement in Body Systems 127
8 The Immune System 129
8.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 129
8.1.1 Innate Immune System 129
8.1.1.1 Physical Barriers 130
8.1.1.2 Cellular Protection 130
8.1.1.3 Humoral Immune Response 131
8.1.2 Adaptive Immune System 131
8.1.2.1 Lymphocytes 131
8.1.2.2 Antibodies 132
8.1.3 Immune System Maturation 132
8.2 The Microbiome's Involvement in Immunity 132
8.2.1 Germ- Free Animals 133
8.2.2 Intestinal Permeability's Association with the Immune System 133
8.2.3 Cancer's Association with the Immune System and GI Microbiome 134
8.2.3.1 Immunotherapy 135
8.3 Supportive Nutrients 136
8.3.1 Prebiotics 136
8.3.2 Probiotics 137
8.3.3 Postbiotics 137
8.3.3.1 Short Chain Fatty Acids 137
8.3.3.2 Colostrum (Bovine) 137
8.4 Chapter Summary 138
References 139
9 The Endocannabinoid System 141
9.1 Endocannabinoid System 141
9.2 The Endocannabinoidome Axis 142
9.3 Chapter Summary 145
References 146
10 Respiratory System Microbiome 148
10.1 The Respiratory System Microbiome 148
10.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 149
10.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 152
10.3.1 Asthma 153
10.3.2 Bacterial Pneumonia 153
10.3.3 Upper Respiratory Infection 154
10.4 Key Nutritional Factors 155
10.4.1 Probiotics 155
10.4.2 Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidants 155
10.4.3 Omega 3 Fatty Acids 156
10.5 Chapter Summary 156
References 157
11 Oral Microbiomes 159
11.1 The Oral Microbiome 159
11.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 160
11.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis and Inflammation 162
11.3.1 Periodontal Disease 162
11.3.1.1 Stomatitis 164
11.3.1.2 Glossitis 164
11.3.2 Systemic Antimicrobials 164
11.4 Key Nutritional Factors 164
11.5 Chapter Summary 165
References 166
12 Aural Microbiome 167
12.1 The Aural Microbiome 167
12.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 168
12.2.1 Influencing Factors 168
12.2.2 Biofilms 168
12.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 170
12.4 Key Nutritional Factors 173
12.5 Chapter Summary 173
References 174
13 Integumentary Microbiomes 175
13.1 The Cutaneous Microbiome 175
13.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 176
13.2.1 Environment 176
13.2.2 Diet and the Gut Microbiome 178
13.2.3 Pharmaceuticals 178
13.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 178
13.3.1 Dysfunctional Barrier Syndrome 178
13.3.2 Atopic Dermatitis 181
13.4 Key Nutritional Factors 182
13.4.1 Protein 182
13.4.2 Essential Fatty Acids 183
13.4.3 Fiber 183
13.4.4 Vitamins 184
13.4.5 Minerals 184
13.5 Chapter Summary 184
References 185
14 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Involvement with Microbiomes 189
14.1 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Metabolism 189
14.1.1 Primary Bile Acids 190
14.1.1.1 Conjugation of Primary Bile Acids 190
14.1.2 The Function of the Gallbladder and Micelles 190
14.1.3 Recycling of Bile Acids 191
14.1.4 Secondary Bile Acids 192
14.2 Microbiota's Role in Bile Acid Metabolism 192
14.2.1 Deconjugation 192
14.2.2 Dehydroxylation 193
14.2.3 Oxidation and Epimerization 193
14.2.4 Re- Conjugation 194
14.3 Bile and Bile Acids Fundamental Roles in the Regulation of Various Physiological Systems 195
14.3.1 Digestion 195
14.3.2 Metabolism 195
14.3.3 Cell Signaling 195
14.3.4 Microbiome Composition 195
14.3.5 Immune Homeostasis 195
14.3.6 Exogenous and Endogenous Substrate Disposal 196
14.3.7 Circulatory System Support 196
14.4 Nutrients in Bile 196
14.4.1 Fats (Cholesterol) 196
14.4.2 Proteins 196
14.4.3 Vitamins 197
14.4.4 Other 197
14.5 Liver-Gut-Brain Axis 197
14.6 Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 199
14.6.1 Diseases Associated with Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 201
14.6.1.1 Aging 201
14.6.1.2 Diabetes Mellitus 202
14.6.1.3 Bile Acid Diarrhea 203
14.7 Key Nutritional Factors 203
14.7.1 Water 203
14.7.2 Fat 204
14.7.3 Protein 204
14.7.4 Carbohydrates 204
14.7.5 Fiber 205
14.7.6 Probiotics 205
14.8 Chapter Summary 206
References 207
15 Gastrointestinal Microbiomes 210
15.1 The Gastrointestinal Microbiome 210
15.1.1 The Pharyngeal Microbiome 210
15.1.2 The Esophageal Microbiome 211
15.1.3 The Gastric Microbiome 212
15.1.4 The Intestinal Microbiome 213
15.2 The GI Microbiome's Role in the Production of Vitamins 217
15.3 Conditions Affected by or Associated with the GI Microbiome 217
15.3.1 Chronic Enteropathies 219
15.3.1.1 Antibiotic- Responsive Enteropathy 219
15.3.1.2 Food- Responsive Enteropathy 220
15.3.1.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 220
15.3.2 Dietary Hypersensitivity and Atopy 221
15.3.3 Obesity 223
15.3.4 Diabetes Mellitus 223
15.3.5 Neoplasia 224
15.3.6 Congestive Heart Failure 225
15.3.7 Chronic Kidney Disease 225
15.4 Chapter Summary 226
References 226
16 Neurological Interactions with Microbiomes 234
16.1 The Nervous System 235
16.2 The Gut-Brain Communication Axis 237
16.2.1 Enteroendocrine and Neuroendocrine Cells 237
16.2.2 Microbial Metabolites 238
16.2.2.1 Gastrotransmitter - Gas Metabolites 239
16.2.2.2 Short- Chain Fatty Acids 240
16.2.2.3 Neurotransmitters 242
16.2.2.4 GI Microbiota- Derived Cellular Components 244
16.2.3 The Importance of Barrier Function 244
16.3 Anxiety 245
16.4 Cognitive Dysfunction 247
16.5 Psychobiotics...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Tiermedizin |
| Genre: | Importe, Medizin |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Inhalt: | 384 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119862604 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119862604 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1A119862600 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: |
Saar, Robin
Dodd, Sarah |
| Hersteller: | Wiley |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
| Maße: | 212 x 138 x 18 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Robin Saar (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 29.08.2023 |
| Gewicht: | 0,522 kg |
Robin Saar, RVT, VTS (NUTRITION), Canada. Robin became a Registered Animal Health Technologist in 1996 and obtained her Veterinary Technician Specialty in Nutrition in 2019. Robin's professional experience includes working in small and mixed animal practices as an RVT, and a Practice Manager, and she developed a nutrition program for a veterinary corporation. Robin has written multiple peer reviewed articles and chapters about nutrition and this is her first dedicated textbook. Her current role with AnimalBiome in the veterinary department, meets her interest in nutrition and microbiome health. Currently, Robin is the Education Director for the Canadian Academy of Veterinary Nutrition, is the President-Elect for the Academy of Veterinary Nutrition Technicians, and is a Member at Large at the American Academy of Veterinary Nutrition. She is currently completing her MSc in Animal Nutrition through Glasgow University. Her principle is "Nutrition is a part of every pet, every day."
Dr. Sarah Dodd, BVSc, MSc, PhD, DECVCN, EBVS® European Specialist in Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition, member of European College of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition. Dr. Dodd received her veterinary degree from Massey University, New Zealand, in 2016. This was followed by an MSc and a PhD in Clinical Studies and Population Medicine at the University of Guelph in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Whilst completing the academic degrees, Dr. Dodd simultaneously undertook first an internship then a residency with the European College of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition and became board certified in 2022. She has authored a number of peer-reviewed publications (articles, abstracts, and textbook chapters), co-authored a textbook on Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition and reviews manuscripts for a number of journals. Dr. Dodd is a founding member and active fellow of the Canadian Academy of Veterinary Nutrition.
Preface xvii
About the Companion Website xix
Section I Understanding a Microbiome 1
1 Common Definitions 3
1.1 Microbiome 3
1.2 Microbiota 4
1.3 Pathogens 5
1.4 Symbiosis 8
1.5 Dysbiosis 11
1.6 Probiotics 12
1.7 Prebiotics 15
1.8 Synbiotics 16
1.9 Biological Markers (Biomarkers) and Their Measurement 16
1.9.1 Genes, the Genome, and Genomics 17
1.9.2 Metabolites, the Metabolome, and Metabolomics 19
1.9.2.1 Metabonomics 22
1.9.3 The Proteome and Proteomics 23
Glossary 23
References 25
2 Functions of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 32
2.1 What Is the Gastrointestinal Microbiome? 32
2.2 Metabolic Functions 32
2.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 33
2.2.2 Gases 35
2.2.3 Amino Acids 35
2.2.4 Vitamins and Minerals 36
2.3 Structural Functions 37
2.3.1 Tight Junctions and Intestinal Permeability 37
2.4 Protective Functions 38
2.4.1 Bacteriocins 38
2.4.2 Quorum-Sensing 39
2.4.3 Immune Response 39
2.5 Participation in Bidirectional Axis Communication 39
2.6 Chapter Summary 39
References 40
3 The Origin and Development of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 44
3.1 In Utero 44
3.2 Factors Influencing the Initial Colonization of Microbiota 45
3.2.1 Presentation at Birth 46
3.2.2 Environmental Exposure 47
3.2.3 Diet Type and Method of Feeding 47
3.2.4 Age 48
3.3 Dysbiosis During Microbiome Development 49
3.4 Key Nutritional Factors 53
3.4.1 Maternal Colostrum and Maternal Milk 53
3.4.2 Prebiotics 53
3.4.3 Non-maternal Colostrum 54
3.4.4 Commercial Milk Replacer 55
3.5 Chapter Summary 55
References 55
4 Factors Affecting the Diversity and Density of the Microbiomes 59
4.1 Physiological Factors 60
4.1.1 Genetics 60
4.1.2 Age 60
4.1.3 Sex 62
4.1.4 Nutrition 62
4.1.5 Environment 64
4.2 Pathophysiological Factors 65
4.2.1 Stress 65
4.2.2 Pharmaceutical Therapy 65
4.2.2.1 Antimicrobials 65
4.2.2.2 Other Pharmaceuticals 67
4.3 Chapter Summary 67
References 68
5 Essential Nutrients and the Microbiota 73
5.1 Protein 74
5.1.1 Quantity 75
5.1.2 Quotient 75
5.1.3 Quality 76
5.2 Carbohydrates 77
5.2.1 Simple Carbohydrates 77
5.2.2 Complex Carbohydrates 78
5.2.2.1 Solubility 79
5.2.2.2 Fermentability 79
5.3 Fat 82
5.4 Vitamins and Minerals 82
5.4.1 Vitamins 83
5.4.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 83
5.4.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 84
5.4.2 Minerals 86
5.5 Processing and Digestibility of Nutrients 87
5.6 Chapter Summary 88
References 89
6 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 96
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 Why is it Important to Characterize the Microbiome? 99
6.3 Sample Collection and Preservation Methods 100
6.4 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 101
6.4.1 Microscopy 103
6.4.2 Cultivation 103
6.4.3 Molecular Methods 104
6.4.3.1 Quantitative PCR Panels 104
6.4.3.2 Amplicon Sequencing: 16S, 18S, and ITS 106
6.4.3.3 Metagenomic Sequencing 106
6.4.3.4 Metabolomics 107
6.5 Chapter Summary 108
References 108
7 Microbiome- Centric Management of Dysbiosis 112
7.1 Key Nutritional Factors 113
7.2 Probiotics 114
7.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 115
7.4 Bacteriophages 117
7.5 Chapter Summary 118
References 118
Section II The Microbiome's Involvement in Body Systems 127
8 The Immune System 129
8.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 129
8.1.1 Innate Immune System 129
8.1.1.1 Physical Barriers 130
8.1.1.2 Cellular Protection 130
8.1.1.3 Humoral Immune Response 131
8.1.2 Adaptive Immune System 131
8.1.2.1 Lymphocytes 131
8.1.2.2 Antibodies 132
8.1.3 Immune System Maturation 132
8.2 The Microbiome's Involvement in Immunity 132
8.2.1 Germ- Free Animals 133
8.2.2 Intestinal Permeability's Association with the Immune System 133
8.2.3 Cancer's Association with the Immune System and GI Microbiome 134
8.2.3.1 Immunotherapy 135
8.3 Supportive Nutrients 136
8.3.1 Prebiotics 136
8.3.2 Probiotics 137
8.3.3 Postbiotics 137
8.3.3.1 Short Chain Fatty Acids 137
8.3.3.2 Colostrum (Bovine) 137
8.4 Chapter Summary 138
References 139
9 The Endocannabinoid System 141
9.1 Endocannabinoid System 141
9.2 The Endocannabinoidome Axis 142
9.3 Chapter Summary 145
References 146
10 Respiratory System Microbiome 148
10.1 The Respiratory System Microbiome 148
10.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 149
10.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 152
10.3.1 Asthma 153
10.3.2 Bacterial Pneumonia 153
10.3.3 Upper Respiratory Infection 154
10.4 Key Nutritional Factors 155
10.4.1 Probiotics 155
10.4.2 Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidants 155
10.4.3 Omega 3 Fatty Acids 156
10.5 Chapter Summary 156
References 157
11 Oral Microbiomes 159
11.1 The Oral Microbiome 159
11.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 160
11.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis and Inflammation 162
11.3.1 Periodontal Disease 162
11.3.1.1 Stomatitis 164
11.3.1.2 Glossitis 164
11.3.2 Systemic Antimicrobials 164
11.4 Key Nutritional Factors 164
11.5 Chapter Summary 165
References 166
12 Aural Microbiome 167
12.1 The Aural Microbiome 167
12.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 168
12.2.1 Influencing Factors 168
12.2.2 Biofilms 168
12.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 170
12.4 Key Nutritional Factors 173
12.5 Chapter Summary 173
References 174
13 Integumentary Microbiomes 175
13.1 The Cutaneous Microbiome 175
13.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 176
13.2.1 Environment 176
13.2.2 Diet and the Gut Microbiome 178
13.2.3 Pharmaceuticals 178
13.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 178
13.3.1 Dysfunctional Barrier Syndrome 178
13.3.2 Atopic Dermatitis 181
13.4 Key Nutritional Factors 182
13.4.1 Protein 182
13.4.2 Essential Fatty Acids 183
13.4.3 Fiber 183
13.4.4 Vitamins 184
13.4.5 Minerals 184
13.5 Chapter Summary 184
References 185
14 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Involvement with Microbiomes 189
14.1 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Metabolism 189
14.1.1 Primary Bile Acids 190
14.1.1.1 Conjugation of Primary Bile Acids 190
14.1.2 The Function of the Gallbladder and Micelles 190
14.1.3 Recycling of Bile Acids 191
14.1.4 Secondary Bile Acids 192
14.2 Microbiota's Role in Bile Acid Metabolism 192
14.2.1 Deconjugation 192
14.2.2 Dehydroxylation 193
14.2.3 Oxidation and Epimerization 193
14.2.4 Re- Conjugation 194
14.3 Bile and Bile Acids Fundamental Roles in the Regulation of Various Physiological Systems 195
14.3.1 Digestion 195
14.3.2 Metabolism 195
14.3.3 Cell Signaling 195
14.3.4 Microbiome Composition 195
14.3.5 Immune Homeostasis 195
14.3.6 Exogenous and Endogenous Substrate Disposal 196
14.3.7 Circulatory System Support 196
14.4 Nutrients in Bile 196
14.4.1 Fats (Cholesterol) 196
14.4.2 Proteins 196
14.4.3 Vitamins 197
14.4.4 Other 197
14.5 Liver-Gut-Brain Axis 197
14.6 Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 199
14.6.1 Diseases Associated with Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 201
14.6.1.1 Aging 201
14.6.1.2 Diabetes Mellitus 202
14.6.1.3 Bile Acid Diarrhea 203
14.7 Key Nutritional Factors 203
14.7.1 Water 203
14.7.2 Fat 204
14.7.3 Protein 204
14.7.4 Carbohydrates 204
14.7.5 Fiber 205
14.7.6 Probiotics 205
14.8 Chapter Summary 206
References 207
15 Gastrointestinal Microbiomes 210
15.1 The Gastrointestinal Microbiome 210
15.1.1 The Pharyngeal Microbiome 210
15.1.2 The Esophageal Microbiome 211
15.1.3 The Gastric Microbiome 212
15.1.4 The Intestinal Microbiome 213
15.2 The GI Microbiome's Role in the Production of Vitamins 217
15.3 Conditions Affected by or Associated with the GI Microbiome 217
15.3.1 Chronic Enteropathies 219
15.3.1.1 Antibiotic- Responsive Enteropathy 219
15.3.1.2 Food- Responsive Enteropathy 220
15.3.1.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 220
15.3.2 Dietary Hypersensitivity and Atopy 221
15.3.3 Obesity 223
15.3.4 Diabetes Mellitus 223
15.3.5 Neoplasia 224
15.3.6 Congestive Heart Failure 225
15.3.7 Chronic Kidney Disease 225
15.4 Chapter Summary 226
References 226
16 Neurological Interactions with Microbiomes 234
16.1 The Nervous System 235
16.2 The Gut-Brain Communication Axis 237
16.2.1 Enteroendocrine and Neuroendocrine Cells 237
16.2.2 Microbial Metabolites 238
16.2.2.1 Gastrotransmitter - Gas Metabolites 239
16.2.2.2 Short- Chain Fatty Acids 240
16.2.2.3 Neurotransmitters 242
16.2.2.4 GI Microbiota- Derived Cellular Components 244
16.2.3 The Importance of Barrier Function 244
16.3 Anxiety 245
16.4 Cognitive Dysfunction 247
16.5 Psychobiotics...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Tiermedizin |
| Genre: | Importe, Medizin |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Inhalt: | 384 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119862604 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119862604 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1A119862600 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: |
Saar, Robin
Dodd, Sarah |
| Hersteller: | Wiley |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
| Maße: | 212 x 138 x 18 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Robin Saar (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 29.08.2023 |
| Gewicht: | 0,522 kg |
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