Dr. Charles E. Free was formerly a Reader in Microwave Technology at the University of Surrey, United Kingdom. He specializes in RF electronics and microwave engineering and has contributed to approximately 150 scholarly publications.

Professor Colin S. Aitchison was previously Chair of the European Microwave Conference and has contributed to approximately 185 scholarly publications. He was formerly Dean of the Technology faculty at Brunel University, United Kingdom.

Preface

1. RF Transmission lines

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Voltage, current and impedance relationships on a transmission line

1.2 Propagation constant

1.2.1 Dispersion

1.2.2 Amplitude distortion

1.3 Lossless transmission lines

1.4 Matched and mismatched transmission lines

1.5 Waves on a transmission line

1.6 The Smith chart

1.6.1 Derivation of the chart

1.6.2 Properties of the chart

1.7 Stubs

1.8 Distributed matching circuits

1.9 Manipulation of lumped impedance using the Smith chart

1.10 Lumped impedance matching

1.10.1 Matching a complex load impedance to a real source impedance

1.10.2 Matching a complex load impedance to a complex source impedance

1.11 Equivalent lumped circuit of a lossless transmission line

1.12 Supplementary problems

1.13 Appendices

Appendix A1.1 Coaxial cable

A1.1.1 Electromagnetic field patterns in coaxial cable

A1.1.2 Essential properties of coaxial cables

Appendix A1.2 Coplanar waveguide

A1.2.1 Structure of coplanar waveguide (CPW)

A1.2.2 Electromagnetic field distribution on a CPW line

A1.2.3 Essential properties of coplanar (CPW) lines

A1.2.4 Summary of key points relating to CPW lines

Appendix A1.3 Metal waveguide

A1.3.1 Waveguide principles

A1.3.2 Waveguide propagation

A1.3.3 Rectangular waveguide modes

A1.3.4 The waveguide equation

A1.3.5 Phase and group velocities

A1.3.6 Field theory analysis of rectangular waveguides

A1.3.7 Waveguide impedance

A1.3.8 Higher-order rectangular waveguide modes

A1.3.9 Waveguide attenuation

A1.3.10 Sizes of rectangular waveguide, and waveguide designation

A1.3.11 Circular waveguide

Appendix A1.4 Microstrip

Appendix A1.5 Equivalent lumped circuit representation of a transmission line

References

2. Planar Circuit Design I: Designing using Microstrip

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Electromagnetic field distribution across a microstrip line

2.2 Effective relative permittivity,

2.3 Microstrip design graphs and CAD software

2.4 Operating frequency limitations

2.5 Skin depth

2.6 Examples of microstrip components

2.6.1 Branch-line coupler

2.6.2 Quarter-wave transformer

2.6.3 Wilkinson power divider

2.7 Microstrip coupled-line structures

2.7.1 Analysis of microstrip coupled lines

2.7.2 Microstrip directional couplers

2.7.2.1 Design of microstrip directional couplers

2.7.2.2 Directivity of microstrip directional couplers

2.7.2.3 Improvements to microstrip directional couplers

2.7.3 Examples of other common microstrip coupled-line structures

2.7.3.1 Microstrip DC break

2.7.3.2 Edge-coupled microstrip band-pass filter

2.7.3.3 Lange coupler

2.8 Summary

2.9 Supplementary problems

2.10 Appendix A2.1: Microstrip design graphs

References

3. Fabrication processes for RF and microwave circuits

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Review of essential materials parameters

3.2.1 Dielectrics

3.2.2 Conductors

3.3 Requirements for RF circuit materials

3.4 Fabrication of planar high-frequency circuits

3.4.1 Etched circuits

3.4.2 Thick-film circuits (direct screen printed)

3.4.3 Thick-film circuits (using photoimageable materials)

3.4.4 LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) circuits

3.4.5 Use of ink jet technology

3.5 Characterization of materials for RF and microwave circuits

3.5.1 Measurement of dielectric loss and dielectric constant

3.5.1.1 Cavity resonators

3.5.1.2 Dielectric characterization by cavity perturbation

3.5.1.3 Use of the split post dielectric resonator (SPDR)

3.5.1.4 Open-resonator

3.5.1.5 Free-space transmission measurements

3.5.2 Measurement of planar line properties

3.5.2.1 The microstrip resonant ring

3.5.2.2 Non-resonant lines

3.5.3 Physical properties of microstrip lines

3.6 Supplementary problems

references

4. Planar Circuit Design II: Refinements to basic designs

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Discontinuities in microstrip

4.2.1 Open-end effect

4.2.2 Step width

4.2.3 Corners

4.2.4 Gaps

4.2.5 T-junctions

4.3 Microstrip enclosures

4.4 Packaged lumped-element passive components

4.4.1 Typical packages for RF passive components

4.4.2 Lumped-element resistors

4.4.3 Lumped-element capacitors

4.4.4 Lumped-element inductors

4.5 Miniature planar components

4.5.1 Spiral inductors

4.5.2 Loop inductors

4.5.3 Interdigitated capacitors

4.5.4 MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors

4.6 Appendix 4.1: Insertion loss due to a microstrip gap

References

5. S-parameters

5.1 Introduction

5.2 S-parameter definitions

5.3 Signal flow graphs

5.4 Mason's non-touching loop rule

5.5 Reflection coefficient of a 2-port network

5.6 Power gains of two-port networks

5.7 Stability

5.8 Supplementary Problems

5.9 Appendix A5.1 Relationships between network parameters

A5.1.1 Transmission parameters (ABCD parameters)

A5.1.2 Admittance parameters (Y-parameters)

A5.1.3 Impedance parameters (Z-parameters)

References

6. Microwave Ferrites

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic properties of ferrite materials

6.2.1 Ferrite materials

6.2.2 Precession in ferrite materials

6.2.3 Permeability tensor

6.2.4 Faraday rotation

6.3 Ferrites in metallic waveguide

6.3.1 Resonance isolator

6.3.2 Field displacement isolator

6.3.3 Waveguide circulator

6.4 Ferrites in planar circuits

6.4.1 Planar circulators

6.4.2 Edge-guided-mode propagation

6.4.3 Edge-guided-mode isolator

6.4.4 Phase shifters

6.5 Self-biased ferrites

6.6 Supplementary problems

References

7. Measurements

7.1 Introduction

7.2 RF and Microwave connectors

7.2.1 Maintenance of connectors

7.2.2 Connecting to planar circuits

7.3 Microwave vector network analyzers

7.3.1 Description and configuration

7.3.2 Error models representing a VNA

7.3.3 Calibration of a VNA

7.4 On-wafer measurements

7.5 Summary

References

8. RF Filters

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Review of filter responses

8.3 Filter parameters

8.4 Design strategy for RF and microwave filters

8.5 Multi-element low-pass filter

8.6 Practical filter responses

8.7 Butterworth (or maximally-flat) response

8.7.1 Butterworth low-pass filter

8.7.3 Butterworth band-pass filter

8.7.3 Butterworth band-pass filter

8.8 Chebyshev (equal ripple) response

8.9 Microstrip low-pass filter, using stepped impedances

8.10 Microstrip low-pass filter, using stubs

8.11 Microstrip edge-coupled band-pass filters

8.12 Microstrip end-coupled band-pass filters

8.13 Practical points associated with filter design

8.14 Summary

8.15 Supplementary problems

8.16 Appendix A8.1 Equivalent lumped T-network representation of a transmission line

References

9. Microwave Small-Signal Amplifiers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Conditions for matching

9.3 Distributed (microstrip) matching networks

9.4 DC biasing circuits

9.5 Microwave transistor packages

9.6 Typical hybrid amplifier

9.7 DC finger breaks

9.8 Constant gain circles

9.9 Stability circles

9.10 Noise circles

9.11 Low-noise amplifier design

9.12 Simultaneous conjugate match

9.13 Broadband matching

9.14 Summary

9.15 Supplementary problems

References

10. Switches and Phase Shifters

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Switches

10.2.1 PIN diodes

10.2.2 FETs (Field Effect Transistors)

10.2.3 MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems)

10.2.4 IPCS (Inline Phase Change Switch) devices

10.3 Digital phase shifters

10.3.1 Switched-path phase shifter

10.3.2 Loaded-line phase shifter

10.3.3 Reflection-type phase shifter

10.3.4 Schiffman 90¿ phase shifter

10.3.5 Single switch phase shifter

10.4 Supplementary problems

References

11. Oscillators

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Criteria for oscillation in a feedback circuit

11.3 RF (transistor) oscillators

11.3.1 Colpitts oscillator

11.3.2 Hartley Oscillator

11.3.3 Clapp-Gouriet Oscillator

11.4 Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)

11.5 Crystal-controlled oscillators

11.5.1 Crystals

11.5.2 Crystal-controlled oscillators

11.6 Frequency synthesizers

11.6.1 The phase-locked loop

11.6.1.1 Principle of a phase-locked loop

11.6.1.2 Main components of a phase-locked loop

11.6.1.3 Gain of a phase-locked loop

11.6.1.4 Transient analysis of a phase-locked loop

11.6.2 Indirect frequency synthesizer circuits

11.7 Microwave oscillators

11.7.1 Dielectric resonator oscillator

11.7.2 Delay line stabilized oscillator

11.7.3 Diode oscillators

11.7.3.1 Gunn diode oscillator

11.7.3.2 IMPATT diode oscillator

11.8 Oscillator noise

11.9 Measurement of oscillator noise

11.10 Supplementary problems

References

12. RF and Microwave Antennas

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Antenna parameters

12.3 Spherical polar coordinates

12.4 Radiation...