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Covers significant changes in GPS/INS technology, and includes new material on GNSSs including GPS, Glonass, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and IRNSS/NAViC, and MATLAB(R) programs on square root information filtering (SRIF)
This book provides readers with solutions to real-world problems associated with global navigation satellite systems, inertial navigation, and integration. It presents readers with numerous detailed examples and practice problems, including GNSS-aided INS, modeling of gyros and accelerometers, and SBAS and GBAS. This revised fourth edition adds new material on GPS III and RAIM. It also provides updated information on low cost sensors such as MEMS, as well as GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and IRNSS/NAViC, and QZSS. Revisions also include added material on the more numerically stable square-root information filter (SRIF) with MATLAB(R) programs and examples from GNSS system state filters, such as the ensemble time filter with square root covariance filter (SRCF) of Bierman and Thornton, and the SigmaRho filter.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, Fourth Edition provides:
- Updates on the significant upgrades in existing GNSS systems, and on other systems currently under advanced development
- Expanded coverage of basic principles of antenna design, and practical antenna design solutions
- More information on basic principles of receiver design, and an update of the foundations for code and carrier acquisition and tracking within a GNSS receiver
- Examples demonstrating independence of Kalman filtering from probability density functions of error sources beyond their means and covariances
- New coverage of inertial navigation to cover recent technology developments and the mathematical models and methods used in its implementation
- Wider coverage of GNSS/INS integration, including derivation of a unified GNSS/INS integration model, its MATLAB(R) implementations, and performance evaluation under simulated dynamic conditions
Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, Fourth Edition is intended for people who need a working knowledge of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), and the Kalman filtering models and methods used in their integration.
Covers significant changes in GPS/INS technology, and includes new material on GNSSs including GPS, Glonass, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and IRNSS/NAViC, and MATLAB(R) programs on square root information filtering (SRIF)
This book provides readers with solutions to real-world problems associated with global navigation satellite systems, inertial navigation, and integration. It presents readers with numerous detailed examples and practice problems, including GNSS-aided INS, modeling of gyros and accelerometers, and SBAS and GBAS. This revised fourth edition adds new material on GPS III and RAIM. It also provides updated information on low cost sensors such as MEMS, as well as GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and IRNSS/NAViC, and QZSS. Revisions also include added material on the more numerically stable square-root information filter (SRIF) with MATLAB(R) programs and examples from GNSS system state filters, such as the ensemble time filter with square root covariance filter (SRCF) of Bierman and Thornton, and the SigmaRho filter.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, Fourth Edition provides:
- Updates on the significant upgrades in existing GNSS systems, and on other systems currently under advanced development
- Expanded coverage of basic principles of antenna design, and practical antenna design solutions
- More information on basic principles of receiver design, and an update of the foundations for code and carrier acquisition and tracking within a GNSS receiver
- Examples demonstrating independence of Kalman filtering from probability density functions of error sources beyond their means and covariances
- New coverage of inertial navigation to cover recent technology developments and the mathematical models and methods used in its implementation
- Wider coverage of GNSS/INS integration, including derivation of a unified GNSS/INS integration model, its MATLAB(R) implementations, and performance evaluation under simulated dynamic conditions
Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration, Fourth Edition is intended for people who need a working knowledge of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), and the Kalman filtering models and methods used in their integration.
MOHINDER S. GREWAL, PHD, PE, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Fullerton.
ANGUS P. ANDREWS, PHD, was a Senior Scientist (now retired) at the Rockwell Science Center, in Thousand Oaks, California.
CHRIS G. BARTONE, PHD, PE, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Russ College of Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Ohio University, Athens, OH.
Preface to the Fourth Edition xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
About the Authors xxx
Acronyms xxxi
About the Companion Website xxxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Navigation 1
1.1.1 Navigation-Related Technologies 1
1.1.2 Navigation Modes 2
1.2 GNSS Overview 3
1.2.1 GPS 4
1.2.2 Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) 6
1.2.3 Galileo 7
1.2.4 BeiDou 9
1.2.5 Regional Satellite Systems 10
1.3 Inertial Navigation Overview 10
1.3.1 History 11
1.3.2 Development Results 12
1.4 GNSS/INS Integration Overview 16
1.4.1 The Role of Kalman Filtering 16
1.4.2 Implementation 17
Problems 17
References 18
2 Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation Systems 21
2.1 Chapter Focus 21
2.2 Satellite Navigation Systems Considerations 21
2.2.1 Systems Other than GNSS 21
2.2.2 Comparison Criteria 22
2.3 Satellite Navigation 22
2.3.1 GNSS Orbits 23
2.3.2 Navigation Solution (Two-Dimensional Example) 25
2.3.3 User Solution and Dilution of Precision (DOP) 28
2.3.4 Example Calculation of DOPs 32
2.4 Time and GPS 33
2.4.1 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) Generation 33
2.4.2 GPS System Time 33
2.4.3 Receiver Computation of UTC 34
2.5 Example: User Position Calculations with No Errors 35
2.5.1 User Position Calculations 35
2.5.2 User Velocity Calculations 37
Problems 39
References 41
3 Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation 43
3.1 Chapter Focus 43
3.2 Terminology 44
3.3 Inertial Sensor Technologies 50
3.3.1 Gyroscopes 50
3.3.2 Accelerometers 53
3.3.3 Sensor Errors 55
3.3.4 Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) Calibration 57
3.3.5 Carouseling and Indexing 60
3.4 Inertial Navigation Models 60
3.4.1 Geoid Models 61
3.4.2 Terrestrial Navigation Coordinates 61
3.4.3 Earth Rotation Model 63
3.4.4 Gravity Models 63
3.4.5 Attitude Models 68
3.5 Initializing the Navigation Solution 70
3.5.1 Initialization from an Earth-fixed Stationary State 70
3.5.2 Initialization on the Move 73
3.6 Propagating the Navigation Solution 73
3.6.1 Attitude Propagation 73
3.6.2 Position and Velocity Propagation 82
3.7 Testing and Evaluation 86
3.7.1 Laboratory Testing 86
3.7.2 Field Testing 86
3.7.3 Performance Qualification Testing 87
3.8 Summary 89
3.8.1 Further Reading 89
Problems 90
References 92
4 GNSS Signal Structure, Characteristics, and Information Utilization 93
4.1 Legacy GPS Signal Components, Purposes, and Properties 93
4.1.1 Signal Models for the Legacy GPS Signals 94
4.1.2 Navigation Data Format 98
4.1.3 GPS Satellite Position Calculations 102
4.1.4 C/A-Code and Its Properties 108
4.1.5 P(Y)-Code and Its Properties 115
4.1.6 L1 and L2 Carriers 116
4.1.7 Transmitted Power Levels 117
4.1.8 Free Space and Other Loss Factors 117
4.1.9 Received Signal Power 118
4.2 Modernization of GPS 118
4.2.1 Benefits from GPS Modernization 119
4.2.2 Elements of the Modernized GPS 120
4.2.3 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) 122
4.2.4 L5 Signal 123
4.2.5 M-Code 125
4.2.6 L1C Signal 126
4.2.7 GPS Satellite Blocks 128
4.2.8 GPS Ground Control Segment 129
4.3 GLONASS Signal Structure and Characteristics 129
4.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Signals 130
4.3.2 CDMA Modernization 131
4.4 Galileo 132
4.4.1 Constellation and Levels of Services 132
4.4.2 Navigation Data and Signals 132
4.5 BeiDou 134
4.6 QZSS 135
4.7 IRNSS/NAVIC 138
Problems 138
References 141
5 GNSS Antenna Design and Analysis 145
5.1 Applications 145
5.2 GNSS Antenna Performance Characteristics 145
5.2.1 Size and Cost 145
5.2.2 Frequency and Bandwidth Coverage 146
5.2.3 Radiation Pattern Characteristics 147
5.2.4 Antenna Polarization and Axial Ratio 149
5.2.5 Directivity, Efficiency, and Gain of a GNSS Antenna 152
5.2.6 Antenna Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio, and Return Loss 153
5.2.7 Antenna Bandwidth 154
5.2.8 Antenna Noise Figure 155
5.3 Computational Electromagnetic Models (CEMs) for GNSS Antenna Design 157
5.4 GNSS Antenna Technologies 159
5.4.1 Dipole-Based GNSS Antennas 159
5.4.2 GNSS Patch Antennas 160
5.4.3 Survey-Grade/Reference GNSS Antennas 169
5.5 Principles of Adaptable Phased-Array Antennas 173
5.5.1 Digital Beamforming Adaptive Antenna Array Formulations 176
5.5.2 STAP 179
5.5.3 SFAP 179
5.5.4 Configurations of Adaptable Phased-Array Antennas 179
5.5.5 Relative Merits of Adaptable Phased-Array Antennas 180
5.6 Application Calibration/Compensation Considerations 181
Problems 183
References 184
6 GNSS Receiver Design and Analysis 189
6.1 Receiver Design Choices 189
6.1.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Application to Be Supported 189
6.1.2 Single or Multifrequency Support 189
6.1.3 Number of Channels 191
6.1.4 Code Selections 191
6.1.5 Differential Capability 192
6.1.6 Aiding Inputs 194
6.2 Receiver Architecture 195
6.2.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Front End 195
6.2.2 Frequency Down-Conversion and IF Amplification 197
6.2.2.1 SNR 198
6.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Automatic Gain Control 199
6.2.4 Baseband Signal Processing 200
6.3 Signal Acquisition and Tracking 200
6.3.1 Hypothesize About the User Location 201
6.3.2 Hypothesize About Which GNSS Satellites Are Visible 201
6.3.3 Signal Doppler Estimation 202
6.3.4 Search for Signal in Frequency and Code Phase 202
6.3.5 Signal Detection and Confirmation 207
6.3.6 Code Tracking Loop 210
6.3.7 Carrier Phase Tracking Loops 215
6.3.8 Bit Synchronization 219
6.3.9 Data Bit Demodulation 219
6.4 Extraction of Information for User Solution 220
6.4.1 Signal Transmission Time Information 220
6.4.2 Ephemeris Data for Satellite Position and Velocity 221
6.4.3 Pseudorange Measurements Formulation Using Code Phase 221
6.4.4 Measurements Using Carrier Phase 223
6.4.5 Carrier Doppler Measurement 225
6.4.6 Integrated Doppler Measurements 226
6.5 Theoretical Considerations in Pseudorange, Carrier Phase, and Frequency Estimations 228
6.5.1 Theoretical Error Bounds for Code Phase Measurement 229
6.5.2 Theoretical Error Bounds for Carrier Phase Measurements 230
6.5.3 Theoretical Error Bounds for Frequency Measurement 231
6.6 High-Sensitivity A-GPS Systems 232
6.6.1 How Assisting Data Improves Receiver Performance 233
6.6.2 Factors Affecting High-Sensitivity Receivers 237
6.7 Software-Defined Radio (SDR) Approach 239
6.8 Pseudolite Considerations 240
Problems 242
References 244
7 GNSS Measurement Errors 249
7.1 Source of GNSS Measurement Errors 249
7.2 Ionospheric Propagation Errors 249
7.2.1 Ionospheric Delay Model 251
7.2.2 GNSS SBAS Ionospheric Algorithms 253
7.3 Tropospheric Propagation Errors 262
7.4 The Multipath Problem 263
7.4.1 How Multipath Causes Ranging Errors 264
7.5 Methods of Multipath Mitigation 266
7.5.1 Spatial Processing Techniques 266
7.5.2 Time-Domain Processing 269
7.5.3 Multipath Mitigation Technology (MMT) 271
7.5.4 Performance of Time-Domain Methods 281
7.6 Theoretical Limits for Multipath Mitigation 283
7.6.1 Estimation-Theoretic Methods 283
7.6.2 Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) Estimator 284
7.6.3 Multipath Modeling Errors 284
7.7 Ephemeris Data Errors 285
7.8 Onboard Clock Errors 285
7.9 Receiver Clock Errors 286
7.10 Error Budgets 287
Problems 289
References 291
8 Differential GNSS 293
8.1 Introduction 293
8.2 Descriptions of Local-Area Differential GNSS (LADGNSS), Wide-Area Differential GNSS (WADGNSS), and Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) 294
8.2.1 LADGNSS 294
8.2.2 WADGNSS 294
8.2.3 SBAS 294
8.3 GEO with L1L5 Signals 299
8.3.1 GEO Uplink Subsystem (GUS) Control Loop Overview 302
8.4 GUS Clock Steering Algorithm 307
8.4.1 Receiver Clock Error Determination 309
8.4.2 Clock Steering Control Law 311
8.5 GEO Orbit Determination (OD) 312
8.5.1 OD Covariance Analysis 313
8.6 Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) 318
8.6.1 Local-Area Augmentation System (LAAS) 318
8.6.2 Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (ALS) 318
8.6.3 Enhanced Long-Range Navigation (eLORAN) 319
8.7 Measurement/Relative-Based DGNSS 320
8.7.1 Code Differential Measurements 320
8.7.2 Carrier Phase Differential Measurements 322
8.7.3 Positioning Using Double-Difference Measurements 324
8.8 GNSS Precise Point Positioning Services and Products 325
8.8.1 The International GNSS Service (IGS) 325
8.8.2 Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORSs) 326
8.8.3 GPS Inferred Positioning System (GIPSY) and Orbit Analysis Simulation Software (OASIS) 326
8.8.4 Scripps Coordinate Update Tool (SCOUT) 327
8.8.5 The Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) 327
8.8.6 Australia's Online GPS Processing System (AUPOS) 328
8.8.7 National Resources Canada (NRCan)...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Nachrichtentechnik |
| Genre: | Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: | Gebunden |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119547839 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119547830 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: |
Andrews, Angus P.
Bartone, Chris G. Grewal, Mohinder S. |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Maße: | 235 x 157 x 37 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Angus P. Andrews (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 12.02.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 1,024 kg |
MOHINDER S. GREWAL, PHD, PE, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Fullerton.
ANGUS P. ANDREWS, PHD, was a Senior Scientist (now retired) at the Rockwell Science Center, in Thousand Oaks, California.
CHRIS G. BARTONE, PHD, PE, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Russ College of Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Ohio University, Athens, OH.
Preface to the Fourth Edition xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
About the Authors xxx
Acronyms xxxi
About the Companion Website xxxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Navigation 1
1.1.1 Navigation-Related Technologies 1
1.1.2 Navigation Modes 2
1.2 GNSS Overview 3
1.2.1 GPS 4
1.2.2 Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) 6
1.2.3 Galileo 7
1.2.4 BeiDou 9
1.2.5 Regional Satellite Systems 10
1.3 Inertial Navigation Overview 10
1.3.1 History 11
1.3.2 Development Results 12
1.4 GNSS/INS Integration Overview 16
1.4.1 The Role of Kalman Filtering 16
1.4.2 Implementation 17
Problems 17
References 18
2 Fundamentals of Satellite Navigation Systems 21
2.1 Chapter Focus 21
2.2 Satellite Navigation Systems Considerations 21
2.2.1 Systems Other than GNSS 21
2.2.2 Comparison Criteria 22
2.3 Satellite Navigation 22
2.3.1 GNSS Orbits 23
2.3.2 Navigation Solution (Two-Dimensional Example) 25
2.3.3 User Solution and Dilution of Precision (DOP) 28
2.3.4 Example Calculation of DOPs 32
2.4 Time and GPS 33
2.4.1 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) Generation 33
2.4.2 GPS System Time 33
2.4.3 Receiver Computation of UTC 34
2.5 Example: User Position Calculations with No Errors 35
2.5.1 User Position Calculations 35
2.5.2 User Velocity Calculations 37
Problems 39
References 41
3 Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation 43
3.1 Chapter Focus 43
3.2 Terminology 44
3.3 Inertial Sensor Technologies 50
3.3.1 Gyroscopes 50
3.3.2 Accelerometers 53
3.3.3 Sensor Errors 55
3.3.4 Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) Calibration 57
3.3.5 Carouseling and Indexing 60
3.4 Inertial Navigation Models 60
3.4.1 Geoid Models 61
3.4.2 Terrestrial Navigation Coordinates 61
3.4.3 Earth Rotation Model 63
3.4.4 Gravity Models 63
3.4.5 Attitude Models 68
3.5 Initializing the Navigation Solution 70
3.5.1 Initialization from an Earth-fixed Stationary State 70
3.5.2 Initialization on the Move 73
3.6 Propagating the Navigation Solution 73
3.6.1 Attitude Propagation 73
3.6.2 Position and Velocity Propagation 82
3.7 Testing and Evaluation 86
3.7.1 Laboratory Testing 86
3.7.2 Field Testing 86
3.7.3 Performance Qualification Testing 87
3.8 Summary 89
3.8.1 Further Reading 89
Problems 90
References 92
4 GNSS Signal Structure, Characteristics, and Information Utilization 93
4.1 Legacy GPS Signal Components, Purposes, and Properties 93
4.1.1 Signal Models for the Legacy GPS Signals 94
4.1.2 Navigation Data Format 98
4.1.3 GPS Satellite Position Calculations 102
4.1.4 C/A-Code and Its Properties 108
4.1.5 P(Y)-Code and Its Properties 115
4.1.6 L1 and L2 Carriers 116
4.1.7 Transmitted Power Levels 117
4.1.8 Free Space and Other Loss Factors 117
4.1.9 Received Signal Power 118
4.2 Modernization of GPS 118
4.2.1 Benefits from GPS Modernization 119
4.2.2 Elements of the Modernized GPS 120
4.2.3 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) 122
4.2.4 L5 Signal 123
4.2.5 M-Code 125
4.2.6 L1C Signal 126
4.2.7 GPS Satellite Blocks 128
4.2.8 GPS Ground Control Segment 129
4.3 GLONASS Signal Structure and Characteristics 129
4.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Signals 130
4.3.2 CDMA Modernization 131
4.4 Galileo 132
4.4.1 Constellation and Levels of Services 132
4.4.2 Navigation Data and Signals 132
4.5 BeiDou 134
4.6 QZSS 135
4.7 IRNSS/NAVIC 138
Problems 138
References 141
5 GNSS Antenna Design and Analysis 145
5.1 Applications 145
5.2 GNSS Antenna Performance Characteristics 145
5.2.1 Size and Cost 145
5.2.2 Frequency and Bandwidth Coverage 146
5.2.3 Radiation Pattern Characteristics 147
5.2.4 Antenna Polarization and Axial Ratio 149
5.2.5 Directivity, Efficiency, and Gain of a GNSS Antenna 152
5.2.6 Antenna Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio, and Return Loss 153
5.2.7 Antenna Bandwidth 154
5.2.8 Antenna Noise Figure 155
5.3 Computational Electromagnetic Models (CEMs) for GNSS Antenna Design 157
5.4 GNSS Antenna Technologies 159
5.4.1 Dipole-Based GNSS Antennas 159
5.4.2 GNSS Patch Antennas 160
5.4.3 Survey-Grade/Reference GNSS Antennas 169
5.5 Principles of Adaptable Phased-Array Antennas 173
5.5.1 Digital Beamforming Adaptive Antenna Array Formulations 176
5.5.2 STAP 179
5.5.3 SFAP 179
5.5.4 Configurations of Adaptable Phased-Array Antennas 179
5.5.5 Relative Merits of Adaptable Phased-Array Antennas 180
5.6 Application Calibration/Compensation Considerations 181
Problems 183
References 184
6 GNSS Receiver Design and Analysis 189
6.1 Receiver Design Choices 189
6.1.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Application to Be Supported 189
6.1.2 Single or Multifrequency Support 189
6.1.3 Number of Channels 191
6.1.4 Code Selections 191
6.1.5 Differential Capability 192
6.1.6 Aiding Inputs 194
6.2 Receiver Architecture 195
6.2.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Front End 195
6.2.2 Frequency Down-Conversion and IF Amplification 197
6.2.2.1 SNR 198
6.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Automatic Gain Control 199
6.2.4 Baseband Signal Processing 200
6.3 Signal Acquisition and Tracking 200
6.3.1 Hypothesize About the User Location 201
6.3.2 Hypothesize About Which GNSS Satellites Are Visible 201
6.3.3 Signal Doppler Estimation 202
6.3.4 Search for Signal in Frequency and Code Phase 202
6.3.5 Signal Detection and Confirmation 207
6.3.6 Code Tracking Loop 210
6.3.7 Carrier Phase Tracking Loops 215
6.3.8 Bit Synchronization 219
6.3.9 Data Bit Demodulation 219
6.4 Extraction of Information for User Solution 220
6.4.1 Signal Transmission Time Information 220
6.4.2 Ephemeris Data for Satellite Position and Velocity 221
6.4.3 Pseudorange Measurements Formulation Using Code Phase 221
6.4.4 Measurements Using Carrier Phase 223
6.4.5 Carrier Doppler Measurement 225
6.4.6 Integrated Doppler Measurements 226
6.5 Theoretical Considerations in Pseudorange, Carrier Phase, and Frequency Estimations 228
6.5.1 Theoretical Error Bounds for Code Phase Measurement 229
6.5.2 Theoretical Error Bounds for Carrier Phase Measurements 230
6.5.3 Theoretical Error Bounds for Frequency Measurement 231
6.6 High-Sensitivity A-GPS Systems 232
6.6.1 How Assisting Data Improves Receiver Performance 233
6.6.2 Factors Affecting High-Sensitivity Receivers 237
6.7 Software-Defined Radio (SDR) Approach 239
6.8 Pseudolite Considerations 240
Problems 242
References 244
7 GNSS Measurement Errors 249
7.1 Source of GNSS Measurement Errors 249
7.2 Ionospheric Propagation Errors 249
7.2.1 Ionospheric Delay Model 251
7.2.2 GNSS SBAS Ionospheric Algorithms 253
7.3 Tropospheric Propagation Errors 262
7.4 The Multipath Problem 263
7.4.1 How Multipath Causes Ranging Errors 264
7.5 Methods of Multipath Mitigation 266
7.5.1 Spatial Processing Techniques 266
7.5.2 Time-Domain Processing 269
7.5.3 Multipath Mitigation Technology (MMT) 271
7.5.4 Performance of Time-Domain Methods 281
7.6 Theoretical Limits for Multipath Mitigation 283
7.6.1 Estimation-Theoretic Methods 283
7.6.2 Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) Estimator 284
7.6.3 Multipath Modeling Errors 284
7.7 Ephemeris Data Errors 285
7.8 Onboard Clock Errors 285
7.9 Receiver Clock Errors 286
7.10 Error Budgets 287
Problems 289
References 291
8 Differential GNSS 293
8.1 Introduction 293
8.2 Descriptions of Local-Area Differential GNSS (LADGNSS), Wide-Area Differential GNSS (WADGNSS), and Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) 294
8.2.1 LADGNSS 294
8.2.2 WADGNSS 294
8.2.3 SBAS 294
8.3 GEO with L1L5 Signals 299
8.3.1 GEO Uplink Subsystem (GUS) Control Loop Overview 302
8.4 GUS Clock Steering Algorithm 307
8.4.1 Receiver Clock Error Determination 309
8.4.2 Clock Steering Control Law 311
8.5 GEO Orbit Determination (OD) 312
8.5.1 OD Covariance Analysis 313
8.6 Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) 318
8.6.1 Local-Area Augmentation System (LAAS) 318
8.6.2 Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (ALS) 318
8.6.3 Enhanced Long-Range Navigation (eLORAN) 319
8.7 Measurement/Relative-Based DGNSS 320
8.7.1 Code Differential Measurements 320
8.7.2 Carrier Phase Differential Measurements 322
8.7.3 Positioning Using Double-Difference Measurements 324
8.8 GNSS Precise Point Positioning Services and Products 325
8.8.1 The International GNSS Service (IGS) 325
8.8.2 Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORSs) 326
8.8.3 GPS Inferred Positioning System (GIPSY) and Orbit Analysis Simulation Software (OASIS) 326
8.8.4 Scripps Coordinate Update Tool (SCOUT) 327
8.8.5 The Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) 327
8.8.6 Australia's Online GPS Processing System (AUPOS) 328
8.8.7 National Resources Canada (NRCan)...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Nachrichtentechnik |
| Genre: | Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: | Gebunden |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119547839 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119547830 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: |
Andrews, Angus P.
Bartone, Chris G. Grewal, Mohinder S. |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Maße: | 235 x 157 x 37 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Angus P. Andrews (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 12.02.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 1,024 kg |
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