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Handbook of Natural Colorants
Second Edition
A detailed survey of a variety of natural colorants and their different applications including textiles, polymers, and cosmetics
Colorants describe a wide range of materials such as dyes, pigments, inks, paint, or chemicals, which are used in small quantities but play an important role in many products such as textiles, polymers, food, and cosmetics. As the effects of climate change begin to be felt, there has been a shift in focus in the field to renewable resources and sustainability, and an interest in the replacement of oil-based products with greener substitutions. As the push to adopt natural resources grows, there have been significant developments in the research and application of natural colorants as a step in the transition to a bio-based economy.
The second edition of Handbook of Natural Colorants provides a detailed introduction to natural colorants in a marriage of theory and practice, from seed of plant to consumer demand. Presenting a wide range of viewpoints, the book briefly discusses the history of coloration technology and the current position of natural colorants before highlighting detailed information on regional plant source availability, colorant production and properties, as well as analytical methods for isolation, identification, and toxicity aspects. It also presents key applications in technical use and consumer products, including the use of natural colorants in textiles, hair dyeing, printing, and packaging. Finally, the text considers environmental and economic aspects of natural colorants.
Handbook of Natural Colorants is a useful reference for dyers, textile producers, and researchers in the evolving field of sustainable chemistry, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, and polymer sciences.
* Revised and updated content throughout to reflect developments in research and applications over the past decade
* New content on biotechnology in natural colorant production, natural colorants for mass coloration polymers, natural colorants in printing/packaging, and plant-based pigments
* Discusses strategies for scale-up, including consideration of energy, waste, and effluents
For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit [...]
Second Edition
A detailed survey of a variety of natural colorants and their different applications including textiles, polymers, and cosmetics
Colorants describe a wide range of materials such as dyes, pigments, inks, paint, or chemicals, which are used in small quantities but play an important role in many products such as textiles, polymers, food, and cosmetics. As the effects of climate change begin to be felt, there has been a shift in focus in the field to renewable resources and sustainability, and an interest in the replacement of oil-based products with greener substitutions. As the push to adopt natural resources grows, there have been significant developments in the research and application of natural colorants as a step in the transition to a bio-based economy.
The second edition of Handbook of Natural Colorants provides a detailed introduction to natural colorants in a marriage of theory and practice, from seed of plant to consumer demand. Presenting a wide range of viewpoints, the book briefly discusses the history of coloration technology and the current position of natural colorants before highlighting detailed information on regional plant source availability, colorant production and properties, as well as analytical methods for isolation, identification, and toxicity aspects. It also presents key applications in technical use and consumer products, including the use of natural colorants in textiles, hair dyeing, printing, and packaging. Finally, the text considers environmental and economic aspects of natural colorants.
Handbook of Natural Colorants is a useful reference for dyers, textile producers, and researchers in the evolving field of sustainable chemistry, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, and polymer sciences.
* Revised and updated content throughout to reflect developments in research and applications over the past decade
* New content on biotechnology in natural colorant production, natural colorants for mass coloration polymers, natural colorants in printing/packaging, and plant-based pigments
* Discusses strategies for scale-up, including consideration of energy, waste, and effluents
For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit [...]
Handbook of Natural Colorants
Second Edition
A detailed survey of a variety of natural colorants and their different applications including textiles, polymers, and cosmetics
Colorants describe a wide range of materials such as dyes, pigments, inks, paint, or chemicals, which are used in small quantities but play an important role in many products such as textiles, polymers, food, and cosmetics. As the effects of climate change begin to be felt, there has been a shift in focus in the field to renewable resources and sustainability, and an interest in the replacement of oil-based products with greener substitutions. As the push to adopt natural resources grows, there have been significant developments in the research and application of natural colorants as a step in the transition to a bio-based economy.
The second edition of Handbook of Natural Colorants provides a detailed introduction to natural colorants in a marriage of theory and practice, from seed of plant to consumer demand. Presenting a wide range of viewpoints, the book briefly discusses the history of coloration technology and the current position of natural colorants before highlighting detailed information on regional plant source availability, colorant production and properties, as well as analytical methods for isolation, identification, and toxicity aspects. It also presents key applications in technical use and consumer products, including the use of natural colorants in textiles, hair dyeing, printing, and packaging. Finally, the text considers environmental and economic aspects of natural colorants.
Handbook of Natural Colorants is a useful reference for dyers, textile producers, and researchers in the evolving field of sustainable chemistry, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, and polymer sciences.
* Revised and updated content throughout to reflect developments in research and applications over the past decade
* New content on biotechnology in natural colorant production, natural colorants for mass coloration polymers, natural colorants in printing/packaging, and plant-based pigments
* Discusses strategies for scale-up, including consideration of energy, waste, and effluents
For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit [...]
Second Edition
A detailed survey of a variety of natural colorants and their different applications including textiles, polymers, and cosmetics
Colorants describe a wide range of materials such as dyes, pigments, inks, paint, or chemicals, which are used in small quantities but play an important role in many products such as textiles, polymers, food, and cosmetics. As the effects of climate change begin to be felt, there has been a shift in focus in the field to renewable resources and sustainability, and an interest in the replacement of oil-based products with greener substitutions. As the push to adopt natural resources grows, there have been significant developments in the research and application of natural colorants as a step in the transition to a bio-based economy.
The second edition of Handbook of Natural Colorants provides a detailed introduction to natural colorants in a marriage of theory and practice, from seed of plant to consumer demand. Presenting a wide range of viewpoints, the book briefly discusses the history of coloration technology and the current position of natural colorants before highlighting detailed information on regional plant source availability, colorant production and properties, as well as analytical methods for isolation, identification, and toxicity aspects. It also presents key applications in technical use and consumer products, including the use of natural colorants in textiles, hair dyeing, printing, and packaging. Finally, the text considers environmental and economic aspects of natural colorants.
Handbook of Natural Colorants is a useful reference for dyers, textile producers, and researchers in the evolving field of sustainable chemistry, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, and polymer sciences.
* Revised and updated content throughout to reflect developments in research and applications over the past decade
* New content on biotechnology in natural colorant production, natural colorants for mass coloration polymers, natural colorants in printing/packaging, and plant-based pigments
* Discusses strategies for scale-up, including consideration of energy, waste, and effluents
For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit [...]
Über den Autor
Editors
Thomas Bechtold, PhD, is a Professor at the Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria
Avinash P. Manian, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Tung Pham, PhD, is the Head of Institute and BMK Endowed Professor at the Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria
Series Editor
Christian V. Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
Inhaltsverzeichnis
List of Contributors xxi
Series Preface xxv
Preface xxvii
I Historical Development 1
1 History of Natural Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean Civilization 3
Maria J. Melo
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Ancient Mediterranean World 3
1.1.2 Dyes from Antiquity 4
1.1.3 Unveiling the Secrets of Ancient Dyes with Modern Science 7
1.2 Ancient Reds 7
1.2.1 Anthraquinone Reds 7
1.2.2 Redwoods 10
1.2.3 Flavylium/Anthocyanin Reds 12
1.2.3.1 Equilibria in solution 13
1.3 Ancient Blues 14
1.3.1 Indigo Blues 14
1.3.2 Anthocyanin Blues 15
1.4 Ancient Purples 16
1.4.1 Tyrian Purple: Real Purple from Sea Snails 16
1.4.2 Orchil Purples 18
1.4.3 Folium 18
1.5 Ancient Yellows 20
1.5.1 Flavonoid Yellows 20
1.5.2 Carotenoid Yellows 21
1.5.3 Chalcone and Aurone Yellows 22
Acknowledgements 22
References 22
2 Colors in Civilizations of the World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension 27
Dominique Cardon
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The Triumph of Mauveine: Synthetic Fulfillment of the Antique Purplemania 28
2.3 Blue: From Kingly Regional to Globally Democratic 29
2.4 Red and Yellow: From Micro to Macro Scales 29
2.5 What Is the Future for Natural Colorants in the Dawning Era of Renewable Resources? 30
Acknowledgement 31
References 31
3 History of Natural Dyes in North Africa_Egypt 33
Harby Ezzeldeen Ahmed
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Natural Dyes in Pharaonic Textiles 34
3.3 Dyeing Techniques 34
3.4 Dye Sources 34
3.4.1 Woad 35
3.4.2 Indigo 35
3.4.3 Red 35
3.4.4 Yellow 36
3.4.5 Black 36
3.4.6 Brown 36
3.4.7 Green 36
3.4.8 Purple 36
3.5 Dyeing in Coptic Textiles 36
3.6 Wool- Dyed Fabric with Natural Dye 38
3.7 Dyes in Islamic Textiles 38
3.8 Mordants 40
References 40
II Natural Colorants in Different Regions of the World 43
4 Sources for Natural Colorants in Europe 45
Thomas Bechtold, Tung Pham and Avinash P. Manian
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Cultivation 46
4.2.1 Potential European Dye Plants Yesterday and Now 46
4.2.2 Modern Cultivation Methods-- General Facts 47
4.2.3 Blue- Dye Plants 48
4.2.4 Red- Dye Plants 49
4.2.5 Yellow- Dye Plants 49
4.2.6 Brown- Dye Plants 52
4.2.7 Production of Dye Extracts 54
4.3 Natural Colorants from Agro- Food Residues 55
4.4 Natural Colorants from Forestry and Timber Industry 56
4.5 Relevant Examples for the Application 57
4.6 Conclusions, Discussion, and Summary 58
Acknowledgement 58
References 59
5 Dyes in South America 63
Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Annatto 65
5.3 Turmeric 67
5.4 Marigold 68
5.5 Cochineal and Carmine 69
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
6 Natural Dyes in Eastern Asia (Vietnam and Neighboring Countries) 75
Tung Pham and Thomas Bechtold
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Annatto (Bixa orellana L., Family Bixaceae) 75
6.3 Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Family Theaceae) 77
6.4 Umbrella Tree (Terminalia catappa L., Family Combretaceae) 77
6.5 Mackloeur (Diospyros mollis L. Griff, Family Ebenaceae) 78
6.6 Indigo (Indigofera L., Family Fabaceae) 79
6.6.1 Indigofera tinctoria L. 79
6.6.2 Indigofera galegoides dc 80
6.6.3 Strobilanthes cusia (Baphicacanthus) 80
6.7 Henna (Kok Khan or Khao Youak in Laos) (Lawsonia spinosa L., Family Lythraceae) 80
6.8 Nacre (African Mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, Family Meliaceae) 81
6.9 Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L., Family Fabaceae) 81
6.10 Japanese Pagoda Tree Flowers (Sophora japonica L., Family Leguminosae) 82
6.11 Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Family Zingiberaceae) 82
6.12 Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L. or Achras zapota, Family Sapotaceae) 82
6.13 Betel (Piper betel L., Family Piperaceae) 83
6.14 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus, Family Myrtaceae) 83
6.15 Caesalpinia Yellow (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., Family Fabaceae) 83
6.16 Brow- Tuber; Yam (Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour, Family Dioscoreaceae) 83
6.17 Others 84
Acknowledgement 84
References 84
7 Sources for Natural Colorants in China 89
Ren-Cheng Tang
7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 Sophora japonica Yellow 92
7.3 Turmeric 93
7.4 Gardenia Yellow 93
7.5 Emodin 93
7.6 Baicalin 94
7.7 Berberine 94
7.8 Henna 94
7.9 Monascus Red 95
7.10 Madder 95
7.11 Sorghum Red 95
7.12 Mulberry Red 96
7.13 Shikonin 96
7.14 Indigo 96
7.15 Condensed Tannins 97
7.16 Tea Polyphenols 98
7.17 Gallnut 99
References 99
8 Sources, Application, and Analysis of Natural Colorants: An Indian Perspective 103
Prof. (Dr.) Ashis Kumar Samanta and Prof. (Dr.) Deepali Singhee
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 Natural Dyes in India 104
8.2.1 History 104
8.2.2 Traditional Processes of Dyeing with Natural Dyes in Different Parts of India 105
8.2.3 Sources of Natural Dyes in India 106
8.2.4 Use of Some Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles of India 107
8.3 Details of Some Dye Sources and Their Application in India 109
8.3.1 Turmeric 109
8.3.2 Pomegranate 111
8.3.3 Flame of Forest 114
8.3.4 Marigold 116
8.3.5 Safflower 118
8.3.6 Annatto 120
8.3.7 Madder 123
8.3.8 Indian Mulberry 125
8.3.9 Arjuna 127
8.3.10 Sappanwood 130
8.3.11 Eucalyptus 132
8.3.12 Catechu 134
8.3.13 Gallnut 137
8.3.14 Myrobolan 140
8.3.15 Lac 142
8.3.16 Indigo 145
References 147
9 Natural Dye Gardens in North America 161
Wendy Weiss and Thomas Bechtold
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Participants 162
9.3 Education 163
9.4 Motivation to Work with Natural Dye 166
9.5 Plant List-- Cultivated Plants 166
9.6 Chemical Background of Most Relevant Plants 168
9.7 Plant List-- Foraged Plants 172
9.8 Plants with Indigotin 172
9.9 Importance of the Fibershed Movement 173
9.10 Educational and Community Gardens 174
9.11 Mexico 177
9.12 Canada 177
9.13 Future Research 178
References 178
Notes 179
III Colorant Production and Properties 181
10 Chlorophylls 183
María Roca
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 Chemical Structures and Physicochemical Properties 184
10.3 Chlorophylls as Colorants 187
10.4 New Trends in the Use of Chlorophylls as Colorants 189
10.5 Stability and Analysis 190
10.6 Toxicological and Safety Aspects 191
References 192
11 Indigo-- Production and Properties 195
Philip John and Luciana Gabriella Angelini
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Agronomy 196
11.2.1 Isatis 196
11.2.1.1 Developmental Stages and Climate and Soil Crop Requirements 197
11.2.1.2 Rotation 201
11.2.1.3 Soil Tillage and Seed Sowing 202
11.2.1.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 203
11.2.1.5 Fertilizers and Irrigation 204
11.2.1.6 Harvesting and Yields 205
11.2.1.7 Seed Production 207
11.2.1.8 Isatis indigotica Compared with Isatis tinctoria 208
11.2.2 Persicaria 209
11.2.2.1 Introduction 209
11.2.2.2 Developmental Stages 211
11.2.2.3 Sowing, Harvesting, and Yield 211
11.2.2.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 216
11.2.2.5 Fertilizer and Irrigation Requirement 216
11.2.2.6 Seed Production 217
11.2.3 Indigofera 217
11.3 Methods of Determining Indigo 219
11.4 Precursors in the Plants 222
11.5 Direct Dyeing with Indican 227
11.6 Indigo Formation 227
11.7 Extraction Procedures 229
11.7.1 Traditional Process Using Crushed Leaf Material 229
11.7.1.1 Isatis 229
11.7.1.2 Persicaria 230
11.7.2 Steeping in Water 231
11.7.2.1 Indigofera 232
11.7.2.2 Isatis 234
11.7.2.3 Persicaria 239
11.8 Purity of Natural Indigo 240
11.8.1 Purification by Sublimation 241
11.8.2 Impurities in Natural Indigo 242
Acknowledgements 245
References 245
12 Anthocyanins: Revisiting Nature's Glamorous Palette 251
Maria J. Melo, Fernando Pina, Natércia Teixeira and Claude Andary
12.1 Chemical Basis 251
12.1.1 Chemical Structures 251
12.1.2 Equilibria in Solution 253
12.1.3 Kinetics 254
12.1.4 Color and Color Stability 254
12.1.5 Anthocyanins as Antioxidants 258
12.2 Natural Sources and Applications for Anthocyanins 259
12.2.1 Plants Sources, Content, Influencing Parameters 259
12.2.2 Food Colorants 260
12.2.3 Other Uses 261
12.2.4 Examples of Commercial Products and Processing 262
References 263
Appendix 1 267
A1.1 Multi-Equilibria in Acidic and Basic Media 267
A1.2 Measuring the Equilibria Constants 269
13 Natural Colorants-- Quinoid, Naphthoquinoid, and Anthraquinoid Dyes 271
Goverdina C. H. Derksen and Thomas Bechtold
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Benzoquinone Dyes 271
13.3 Diaryloylmethane Dyes 273
13.4 Naphthoquinone Dyes 273
13.4.1 Lawson (2- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Orange 6) 274
13.4.1.1 Properties and Use 274
13.4.1.2 Agricultural Aspects 276
13.4.2 Juglone (5- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Brown 7) 278
13.5 Anthraquinone Dyes 279
13.5.1 Main Components Emodin and Chrysophanol-- Rheum and Rumex Species 279
13.5.2 Main Components Alizarin and/or Pseudopurpurin/Purpurin 281
13.5.2.1 Plant Sources 281
13.5.2.2 Madder CI Natural Red 8 282
References 294
14 Natural Colorants from Lichens and Mushrooms 317
Riikka Räisänen
14.1 Use of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants in History 317
14.2 Cultivation of Lichens and Mushrooms 318
14.3 Colorant Structures in Lichens and Mushrooms 319
14.3.1 Lichen Dyes: Orchils and Litmus 321
14.3.2 Yellowish, Brownish, and Reddish Colorants from Lichen 322
14.3.3 Blue Terphenylquinones from Mushrooms 322
14.3.4 Anthraquinones 324
14.3.4.1 Bloodred Webcap (Cortinarius sanguineus) 324
14.3.5 Other Colorants of Fungi 326
14.3.5.1 Yellows from Grevillines 326
14.3.5.2 Yellow and Orange Colors from Pulvinic Acid Derivatives 326
14.3.5.3 Brown from Badiones 326
14.4 Stability of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants 326
14.5 New Approaches to Lichen and Fungal Colorants 327
References 328
15 Focus on Tannins 333
Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto and Hely Häggman
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation 335
15.3 Properties of Tannins 338
15.4 Chemical Activities of Tannins 340
15.5 Analysis of Tannins 340
15.5.1 Sample Preservation 340
15.5.2 Extraction and Purification 340
15.5.3 Quantification of Tannins 341
15.6 Use, Toxicology, and Safety Aspects of Tannins 342
References 345
16 Carotenoid Dyes-- Properties and Production 351
U. Gamage Chandrika
16.1...
Series Preface xxv
Preface xxvii
I Historical Development 1
1 History of Natural Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean Civilization 3
Maria J. Melo
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Ancient Mediterranean World 3
1.1.2 Dyes from Antiquity 4
1.1.3 Unveiling the Secrets of Ancient Dyes with Modern Science 7
1.2 Ancient Reds 7
1.2.1 Anthraquinone Reds 7
1.2.2 Redwoods 10
1.2.3 Flavylium/Anthocyanin Reds 12
1.2.3.1 Equilibria in solution 13
1.3 Ancient Blues 14
1.3.1 Indigo Blues 14
1.3.2 Anthocyanin Blues 15
1.4 Ancient Purples 16
1.4.1 Tyrian Purple: Real Purple from Sea Snails 16
1.4.2 Orchil Purples 18
1.4.3 Folium 18
1.5 Ancient Yellows 20
1.5.1 Flavonoid Yellows 20
1.5.2 Carotenoid Yellows 21
1.5.3 Chalcone and Aurone Yellows 22
Acknowledgements 22
References 22
2 Colors in Civilizations of the World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension 27
Dominique Cardon
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The Triumph of Mauveine: Synthetic Fulfillment of the Antique Purplemania 28
2.3 Blue: From Kingly Regional to Globally Democratic 29
2.4 Red and Yellow: From Micro to Macro Scales 29
2.5 What Is the Future for Natural Colorants in the Dawning Era of Renewable Resources? 30
Acknowledgement 31
References 31
3 History of Natural Dyes in North Africa_Egypt 33
Harby Ezzeldeen Ahmed
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Natural Dyes in Pharaonic Textiles 34
3.3 Dyeing Techniques 34
3.4 Dye Sources 34
3.4.1 Woad 35
3.4.2 Indigo 35
3.4.3 Red 35
3.4.4 Yellow 36
3.4.5 Black 36
3.4.6 Brown 36
3.4.7 Green 36
3.4.8 Purple 36
3.5 Dyeing in Coptic Textiles 36
3.6 Wool- Dyed Fabric with Natural Dye 38
3.7 Dyes in Islamic Textiles 38
3.8 Mordants 40
References 40
II Natural Colorants in Different Regions of the World 43
4 Sources for Natural Colorants in Europe 45
Thomas Bechtold, Tung Pham and Avinash P. Manian
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Cultivation 46
4.2.1 Potential European Dye Plants Yesterday and Now 46
4.2.2 Modern Cultivation Methods-- General Facts 47
4.2.3 Blue- Dye Plants 48
4.2.4 Red- Dye Plants 49
4.2.5 Yellow- Dye Plants 49
4.2.6 Brown- Dye Plants 52
4.2.7 Production of Dye Extracts 54
4.3 Natural Colorants from Agro- Food Residues 55
4.4 Natural Colorants from Forestry and Timber Industry 56
4.5 Relevant Examples for the Application 57
4.6 Conclusions, Discussion, and Summary 58
Acknowledgement 58
References 59
5 Dyes in South America 63
Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Annatto 65
5.3 Turmeric 67
5.4 Marigold 68
5.5 Cochineal and Carmine 69
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
6 Natural Dyes in Eastern Asia (Vietnam and Neighboring Countries) 75
Tung Pham and Thomas Bechtold
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Annatto (Bixa orellana L., Family Bixaceae) 75
6.3 Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Family Theaceae) 77
6.4 Umbrella Tree (Terminalia catappa L., Family Combretaceae) 77
6.5 Mackloeur (Diospyros mollis L. Griff, Family Ebenaceae) 78
6.6 Indigo (Indigofera L., Family Fabaceae) 79
6.6.1 Indigofera tinctoria L. 79
6.6.2 Indigofera galegoides dc 80
6.6.3 Strobilanthes cusia (Baphicacanthus) 80
6.7 Henna (Kok Khan or Khao Youak in Laos) (Lawsonia spinosa L., Family Lythraceae) 80
6.8 Nacre (African Mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, Family Meliaceae) 81
6.9 Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L., Family Fabaceae) 81
6.10 Japanese Pagoda Tree Flowers (Sophora japonica L., Family Leguminosae) 82
6.11 Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Family Zingiberaceae) 82
6.12 Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L. or Achras zapota, Family Sapotaceae) 82
6.13 Betel (Piper betel L., Family Piperaceae) 83
6.14 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus, Family Myrtaceae) 83
6.15 Caesalpinia Yellow (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., Family Fabaceae) 83
6.16 Brow- Tuber; Yam (Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour, Family Dioscoreaceae) 83
6.17 Others 84
Acknowledgement 84
References 84
7 Sources for Natural Colorants in China 89
Ren-Cheng Tang
7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 Sophora japonica Yellow 92
7.3 Turmeric 93
7.4 Gardenia Yellow 93
7.5 Emodin 93
7.6 Baicalin 94
7.7 Berberine 94
7.8 Henna 94
7.9 Monascus Red 95
7.10 Madder 95
7.11 Sorghum Red 95
7.12 Mulberry Red 96
7.13 Shikonin 96
7.14 Indigo 96
7.15 Condensed Tannins 97
7.16 Tea Polyphenols 98
7.17 Gallnut 99
References 99
8 Sources, Application, and Analysis of Natural Colorants: An Indian Perspective 103
Prof. (Dr.) Ashis Kumar Samanta and Prof. (Dr.) Deepali Singhee
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 Natural Dyes in India 104
8.2.1 History 104
8.2.2 Traditional Processes of Dyeing with Natural Dyes in Different Parts of India 105
8.2.3 Sources of Natural Dyes in India 106
8.2.4 Use of Some Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles of India 107
8.3 Details of Some Dye Sources and Their Application in India 109
8.3.1 Turmeric 109
8.3.2 Pomegranate 111
8.3.3 Flame of Forest 114
8.3.4 Marigold 116
8.3.5 Safflower 118
8.3.6 Annatto 120
8.3.7 Madder 123
8.3.8 Indian Mulberry 125
8.3.9 Arjuna 127
8.3.10 Sappanwood 130
8.3.11 Eucalyptus 132
8.3.12 Catechu 134
8.3.13 Gallnut 137
8.3.14 Myrobolan 140
8.3.15 Lac 142
8.3.16 Indigo 145
References 147
9 Natural Dye Gardens in North America 161
Wendy Weiss and Thomas Bechtold
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Participants 162
9.3 Education 163
9.4 Motivation to Work with Natural Dye 166
9.5 Plant List-- Cultivated Plants 166
9.6 Chemical Background of Most Relevant Plants 168
9.7 Plant List-- Foraged Plants 172
9.8 Plants with Indigotin 172
9.9 Importance of the Fibershed Movement 173
9.10 Educational and Community Gardens 174
9.11 Mexico 177
9.12 Canada 177
9.13 Future Research 178
References 178
Notes 179
III Colorant Production and Properties 181
10 Chlorophylls 183
María Roca
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 Chemical Structures and Physicochemical Properties 184
10.3 Chlorophylls as Colorants 187
10.4 New Trends in the Use of Chlorophylls as Colorants 189
10.5 Stability and Analysis 190
10.6 Toxicological and Safety Aspects 191
References 192
11 Indigo-- Production and Properties 195
Philip John and Luciana Gabriella Angelini
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Agronomy 196
11.2.1 Isatis 196
11.2.1.1 Developmental Stages and Climate and Soil Crop Requirements 197
11.2.1.2 Rotation 201
11.2.1.3 Soil Tillage and Seed Sowing 202
11.2.1.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 203
11.2.1.5 Fertilizers and Irrigation 204
11.2.1.6 Harvesting and Yields 205
11.2.1.7 Seed Production 207
11.2.1.8 Isatis indigotica Compared with Isatis tinctoria 208
11.2.2 Persicaria 209
11.2.2.1 Introduction 209
11.2.2.2 Developmental Stages 211
11.2.2.3 Sowing, Harvesting, and Yield 211
11.2.2.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 216
11.2.2.5 Fertilizer and Irrigation Requirement 216
11.2.2.6 Seed Production 217
11.2.3 Indigofera 217
11.3 Methods of Determining Indigo 219
11.4 Precursors in the Plants 222
11.5 Direct Dyeing with Indican 227
11.6 Indigo Formation 227
11.7 Extraction Procedures 229
11.7.1 Traditional Process Using Crushed Leaf Material 229
11.7.1.1 Isatis 229
11.7.1.2 Persicaria 230
11.7.2 Steeping in Water 231
11.7.2.1 Indigofera 232
11.7.2.2 Isatis 234
11.7.2.3 Persicaria 239
11.8 Purity of Natural Indigo 240
11.8.1 Purification by Sublimation 241
11.8.2 Impurities in Natural Indigo 242
Acknowledgements 245
References 245
12 Anthocyanins: Revisiting Nature's Glamorous Palette 251
Maria J. Melo, Fernando Pina, Natércia Teixeira and Claude Andary
12.1 Chemical Basis 251
12.1.1 Chemical Structures 251
12.1.2 Equilibria in Solution 253
12.1.3 Kinetics 254
12.1.4 Color and Color Stability 254
12.1.5 Anthocyanins as Antioxidants 258
12.2 Natural Sources and Applications for Anthocyanins 259
12.2.1 Plants Sources, Content, Influencing Parameters 259
12.2.2 Food Colorants 260
12.2.3 Other Uses 261
12.2.4 Examples of Commercial Products and Processing 262
References 263
Appendix 1 267
A1.1 Multi-Equilibria in Acidic and Basic Media 267
A1.2 Measuring the Equilibria Constants 269
13 Natural Colorants-- Quinoid, Naphthoquinoid, and Anthraquinoid Dyes 271
Goverdina C. H. Derksen and Thomas Bechtold
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Benzoquinone Dyes 271
13.3 Diaryloylmethane Dyes 273
13.4 Naphthoquinone Dyes 273
13.4.1 Lawson (2- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Orange 6) 274
13.4.1.1 Properties and Use 274
13.4.1.2 Agricultural Aspects 276
13.4.2 Juglone (5- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Brown 7) 278
13.5 Anthraquinone Dyes 279
13.5.1 Main Components Emodin and Chrysophanol-- Rheum and Rumex Species 279
13.5.2 Main Components Alizarin and/or Pseudopurpurin/Purpurin 281
13.5.2.1 Plant Sources 281
13.5.2.2 Madder CI Natural Red 8 282
References 294
14 Natural Colorants from Lichens and Mushrooms 317
Riikka Räisänen
14.1 Use of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants in History 317
14.2 Cultivation of Lichens and Mushrooms 318
14.3 Colorant Structures in Lichens and Mushrooms 319
14.3.1 Lichen Dyes: Orchils and Litmus 321
14.3.2 Yellowish, Brownish, and Reddish Colorants from Lichen 322
14.3.3 Blue Terphenylquinones from Mushrooms 322
14.3.4 Anthraquinones 324
14.3.4.1 Bloodred Webcap (Cortinarius sanguineus) 324
14.3.5 Other Colorants of Fungi 326
14.3.5.1 Yellows from Grevillines 326
14.3.5.2 Yellow and Orange Colors from Pulvinic Acid Derivatives 326
14.3.5.3 Brown from Badiones 326
14.4 Stability of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants 326
14.5 New Approaches to Lichen and Fungal Colorants 327
References 328
15 Focus on Tannins 333
Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto and Hely Häggman
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation 335
15.3 Properties of Tannins 338
15.4 Chemical Activities of Tannins 340
15.5 Analysis of Tannins 340
15.5.1 Sample Preservation 340
15.5.2 Extraction and Purification 340
15.5.3 Quantification of Tannins 341
15.6 Use, Toxicology, and Safety Aspects of Tannins 342
References 345
16 Carotenoid Dyes-- Properties and Production 351
U. Gamage Chandrika
16.1...
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Populäre Darstellungen |
| Genre: | Chemie |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Seiten: | 688 |
| Inhalt: | 688 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119811718 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119811716 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1W119811710 |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: | Bechtold, T |
| Redaktion: |
Bechtold, Thomas
Manian, Avinash P Pham, Tung Stevens, Christian V |
| Herausgeber: | Thomas Bechtold/Avinash P Manian/Tung Pham et al |
| Auflage: | 2nd edition |
| Hersteller: | Turner Publishing Company |
| Maße: | 257 x 182 x 38 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Thomas Bechtold (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 10.04.2023 |
| Gewicht: | 1,568 kg |
Über den Autor
Editors
Thomas Bechtold, PhD, is a Professor at the Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria
Avinash P. Manian, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Tung Pham, PhD, is the Head of Institute and BMK Endowed Professor at the Research Institute for Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria
Series Editor
Christian V. Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
Inhaltsverzeichnis
List of Contributors xxi
Series Preface xxv
Preface xxvii
I Historical Development 1
1 History of Natural Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean Civilization 3
Maria J. Melo
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Ancient Mediterranean World 3
1.1.2 Dyes from Antiquity 4
1.1.3 Unveiling the Secrets of Ancient Dyes with Modern Science 7
1.2 Ancient Reds 7
1.2.1 Anthraquinone Reds 7
1.2.2 Redwoods 10
1.2.3 Flavylium/Anthocyanin Reds 12
1.2.3.1 Equilibria in solution 13
1.3 Ancient Blues 14
1.3.1 Indigo Blues 14
1.3.2 Anthocyanin Blues 15
1.4 Ancient Purples 16
1.4.1 Tyrian Purple: Real Purple from Sea Snails 16
1.4.2 Orchil Purples 18
1.4.3 Folium 18
1.5 Ancient Yellows 20
1.5.1 Flavonoid Yellows 20
1.5.2 Carotenoid Yellows 21
1.5.3 Chalcone and Aurone Yellows 22
Acknowledgements 22
References 22
2 Colors in Civilizations of the World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension 27
Dominique Cardon
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The Triumph of Mauveine: Synthetic Fulfillment of the Antique Purplemania 28
2.3 Blue: From Kingly Regional to Globally Democratic 29
2.4 Red and Yellow: From Micro to Macro Scales 29
2.5 What Is the Future for Natural Colorants in the Dawning Era of Renewable Resources? 30
Acknowledgement 31
References 31
3 History of Natural Dyes in North Africa_Egypt 33
Harby Ezzeldeen Ahmed
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Natural Dyes in Pharaonic Textiles 34
3.3 Dyeing Techniques 34
3.4 Dye Sources 34
3.4.1 Woad 35
3.4.2 Indigo 35
3.4.3 Red 35
3.4.4 Yellow 36
3.4.5 Black 36
3.4.6 Brown 36
3.4.7 Green 36
3.4.8 Purple 36
3.5 Dyeing in Coptic Textiles 36
3.6 Wool- Dyed Fabric with Natural Dye 38
3.7 Dyes in Islamic Textiles 38
3.8 Mordants 40
References 40
II Natural Colorants in Different Regions of the World 43
4 Sources for Natural Colorants in Europe 45
Thomas Bechtold, Tung Pham and Avinash P. Manian
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Cultivation 46
4.2.1 Potential European Dye Plants Yesterday and Now 46
4.2.2 Modern Cultivation Methods-- General Facts 47
4.2.3 Blue- Dye Plants 48
4.2.4 Red- Dye Plants 49
4.2.5 Yellow- Dye Plants 49
4.2.6 Brown- Dye Plants 52
4.2.7 Production of Dye Extracts 54
4.3 Natural Colorants from Agro- Food Residues 55
4.4 Natural Colorants from Forestry and Timber Industry 56
4.5 Relevant Examples for the Application 57
4.6 Conclusions, Discussion, and Summary 58
Acknowledgement 58
References 59
5 Dyes in South America 63
Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Annatto 65
5.3 Turmeric 67
5.4 Marigold 68
5.5 Cochineal and Carmine 69
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
6 Natural Dyes in Eastern Asia (Vietnam and Neighboring Countries) 75
Tung Pham and Thomas Bechtold
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Annatto (Bixa orellana L., Family Bixaceae) 75
6.3 Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Family Theaceae) 77
6.4 Umbrella Tree (Terminalia catappa L., Family Combretaceae) 77
6.5 Mackloeur (Diospyros mollis L. Griff, Family Ebenaceae) 78
6.6 Indigo (Indigofera L., Family Fabaceae) 79
6.6.1 Indigofera tinctoria L. 79
6.6.2 Indigofera galegoides dc 80
6.6.3 Strobilanthes cusia (Baphicacanthus) 80
6.7 Henna (Kok Khan or Khao Youak in Laos) (Lawsonia spinosa L., Family Lythraceae) 80
6.8 Nacre (African Mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, Family Meliaceae) 81
6.9 Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L., Family Fabaceae) 81
6.10 Japanese Pagoda Tree Flowers (Sophora japonica L., Family Leguminosae) 82
6.11 Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Family Zingiberaceae) 82
6.12 Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L. or Achras zapota, Family Sapotaceae) 82
6.13 Betel (Piper betel L., Family Piperaceae) 83
6.14 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus, Family Myrtaceae) 83
6.15 Caesalpinia Yellow (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., Family Fabaceae) 83
6.16 Brow- Tuber; Yam (Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour, Family Dioscoreaceae) 83
6.17 Others 84
Acknowledgement 84
References 84
7 Sources for Natural Colorants in China 89
Ren-Cheng Tang
7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 Sophora japonica Yellow 92
7.3 Turmeric 93
7.4 Gardenia Yellow 93
7.5 Emodin 93
7.6 Baicalin 94
7.7 Berberine 94
7.8 Henna 94
7.9 Monascus Red 95
7.10 Madder 95
7.11 Sorghum Red 95
7.12 Mulberry Red 96
7.13 Shikonin 96
7.14 Indigo 96
7.15 Condensed Tannins 97
7.16 Tea Polyphenols 98
7.17 Gallnut 99
References 99
8 Sources, Application, and Analysis of Natural Colorants: An Indian Perspective 103
Prof. (Dr.) Ashis Kumar Samanta and Prof. (Dr.) Deepali Singhee
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 Natural Dyes in India 104
8.2.1 History 104
8.2.2 Traditional Processes of Dyeing with Natural Dyes in Different Parts of India 105
8.2.3 Sources of Natural Dyes in India 106
8.2.4 Use of Some Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles of India 107
8.3 Details of Some Dye Sources and Their Application in India 109
8.3.1 Turmeric 109
8.3.2 Pomegranate 111
8.3.3 Flame of Forest 114
8.3.4 Marigold 116
8.3.5 Safflower 118
8.3.6 Annatto 120
8.3.7 Madder 123
8.3.8 Indian Mulberry 125
8.3.9 Arjuna 127
8.3.10 Sappanwood 130
8.3.11 Eucalyptus 132
8.3.12 Catechu 134
8.3.13 Gallnut 137
8.3.14 Myrobolan 140
8.3.15 Lac 142
8.3.16 Indigo 145
References 147
9 Natural Dye Gardens in North America 161
Wendy Weiss and Thomas Bechtold
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Participants 162
9.3 Education 163
9.4 Motivation to Work with Natural Dye 166
9.5 Plant List-- Cultivated Plants 166
9.6 Chemical Background of Most Relevant Plants 168
9.7 Plant List-- Foraged Plants 172
9.8 Plants with Indigotin 172
9.9 Importance of the Fibershed Movement 173
9.10 Educational and Community Gardens 174
9.11 Mexico 177
9.12 Canada 177
9.13 Future Research 178
References 178
Notes 179
III Colorant Production and Properties 181
10 Chlorophylls 183
María Roca
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 Chemical Structures and Physicochemical Properties 184
10.3 Chlorophylls as Colorants 187
10.4 New Trends in the Use of Chlorophylls as Colorants 189
10.5 Stability and Analysis 190
10.6 Toxicological and Safety Aspects 191
References 192
11 Indigo-- Production and Properties 195
Philip John and Luciana Gabriella Angelini
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Agronomy 196
11.2.1 Isatis 196
11.2.1.1 Developmental Stages and Climate and Soil Crop Requirements 197
11.2.1.2 Rotation 201
11.2.1.3 Soil Tillage and Seed Sowing 202
11.2.1.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 203
11.2.1.5 Fertilizers and Irrigation 204
11.2.1.6 Harvesting and Yields 205
11.2.1.7 Seed Production 207
11.2.1.8 Isatis indigotica Compared with Isatis tinctoria 208
11.2.2 Persicaria 209
11.2.2.1 Introduction 209
11.2.2.2 Developmental Stages 211
11.2.2.3 Sowing, Harvesting, and Yield 211
11.2.2.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 216
11.2.2.5 Fertilizer and Irrigation Requirement 216
11.2.2.6 Seed Production 217
11.2.3 Indigofera 217
11.3 Methods of Determining Indigo 219
11.4 Precursors in the Plants 222
11.5 Direct Dyeing with Indican 227
11.6 Indigo Formation 227
11.7 Extraction Procedures 229
11.7.1 Traditional Process Using Crushed Leaf Material 229
11.7.1.1 Isatis 229
11.7.1.2 Persicaria 230
11.7.2 Steeping in Water 231
11.7.2.1 Indigofera 232
11.7.2.2 Isatis 234
11.7.2.3 Persicaria 239
11.8 Purity of Natural Indigo 240
11.8.1 Purification by Sublimation 241
11.8.2 Impurities in Natural Indigo 242
Acknowledgements 245
References 245
12 Anthocyanins: Revisiting Nature's Glamorous Palette 251
Maria J. Melo, Fernando Pina, Natércia Teixeira and Claude Andary
12.1 Chemical Basis 251
12.1.1 Chemical Structures 251
12.1.2 Equilibria in Solution 253
12.1.3 Kinetics 254
12.1.4 Color and Color Stability 254
12.1.5 Anthocyanins as Antioxidants 258
12.2 Natural Sources and Applications for Anthocyanins 259
12.2.1 Plants Sources, Content, Influencing Parameters 259
12.2.2 Food Colorants 260
12.2.3 Other Uses 261
12.2.4 Examples of Commercial Products and Processing 262
References 263
Appendix 1 267
A1.1 Multi-Equilibria in Acidic and Basic Media 267
A1.2 Measuring the Equilibria Constants 269
13 Natural Colorants-- Quinoid, Naphthoquinoid, and Anthraquinoid Dyes 271
Goverdina C. H. Derksen and Thomas Bechtold
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Benzoquinone Dyes 271
13.3 Diaryloylmethane Dyes 273
13.4 Naphthoquinone Dyes 273
13.4.1 Lawson (2- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Orange 6) 274
13.4.1.1 Properties and Use 274
13.4.1.2 Agricultural Aspects 276
13.4.2 Juglone (5- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Brown 7) 278
13.5 Anthraquinone Dyes 279
13.5.1 Main Components Emodin and Chrysophanol-- Rheum and Rumex Species 279
13.5.2 Main Components Alizarin and/or Pseudopurpurin/Purpurin 281
13.5.2.1 Plant Sources 281
13.5.2.2 Madder CI Natural Red 8 282
References 294
14 Natural Colorants from Lichens and Mushrooms 317
Riikka Räisänen
14.1 Use of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants in History 317
14.2 Cultivation of Lichens and Mushrooms 318
14.3 Colorant Structures in Lichens and Mushrooms 319
14.3.1 Lichen Dyes: Orchils and Litmus 321
14.3.2 Yellowish, Brownish, and Reddish Colorants from Lichen 322
14.3.3 Blue Terphenylquinones from Mushrooms 322
14.3.4 Anthraquinones 324
14.3.4.1 Bloodred Webcap (Cortinarius sanguineus) 324
14.3.5 Other Colorants of Fungi 326
14.3.5.1 Yellows from Grevillines 326
14.3.5.2 Yellow and Orange Colors from Pulvinic Acid Derivatives 326
14.3.5.3 Brown from Badiones 326
14.4 Stability of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants 326
14.5 New Approaches to Lichen and Fungal Colorants 327
References 328
15 Focus on Tannins 333
Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto and Hely Häggman
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation 335
15.3 Properties of Tannins 338
15.4 Chemical Activities of Tannins 340
15.5 Analysis of Tannins 340
15.5.1 Sample Preservation 340
15.5.2 Extraction and Purification 340
15.5.3 Quantification of Tannins 341
15.6 Use, Toxicology, and Safety Aspects of Tannins 342
References 345
16 Carotenoid Dyes-- Properties and Production 351
U. Gamage Chandrika
16.1...
Series Preface xxv
Preface xxvii
I Historical Development 1
1 History of Natural Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean Civilization 3
Maria J. Melo
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Ancient Mediterranean World 3
1.1.2 Dyes from Antiquity 4
1.1.3 Unveiling the Secrets of Ancient Dyes with Modern Science 7
1.2 Ancient Reds 7
1.2.1 Anthraquinone Reds 7
1.2.2 Redwoods 10
1.2.3 Flavylium/Anthocyanin Reds 12
1.2.3.1 Equilibria in solution 13
1.3 Ancient Blues 14
1.3.1 Indigo Blues 14
1.3.2 Anthocyanin Blues 15
1.4 Ancient Purples 16
1.4.1 Tyrian Purple: Real Purple from Sea Snails 16
1.4.2 Orchil Purples 18
1.4.3 Folium 18
1.5 Ancient Yellows 20
1.5.1 Flavonoid Yellows 20
1.5.2 Carotenoid Yellows 21
1.5.3 Chalcone and Aurone Yellows 22
Acknowledgements 22
References 22
2 Colors in Civilizations of the World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension 27
Dominique Cardon
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The Triumph of Mauveine: Synthetic Fulfillment of the Antique Purplemania 28
2.3 Blue: From Kingly Regional to Globally Democratic 29
2.4 Red and Yellow: From Micro to Macro Scales 29
2.5 What Is the Future for Natural Colorants in the Dawning Era of Renewable Resources? 30
Acknowledgement 31
References 31
3 History of Natural Dyes in North Africa_Egypt 33
Harby Ezzeldeen Ahmed
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Natural Dyes in Pharaonic Textiles 34
3.3 Dyeing Techniques 34
3.4 Dye Sources 34
3.4.1 Woad 35
3.4.2 Indigo 35
3.4.3 Red 35
3.4.4 Yellow 36
3.4.5 Black 36
3.4.6 Brown 36
3.4.7 Green 36
3.4.8 Purple 36
3.5 Dyeing in Coptic Textiles 36
3.6 Wool- Dyed Fabric with Natural Dye 38
3.7 Dyes in Islamic Textiles 38
3.8 Mordants 40
References 40
II Natural Colorants in Different Regions of the World 43
4 Sources for Natural Colorants in Europe 45
Thomas Bechtold, Tung Pham and Avinash P. Manian
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Cultivation 46
4.2.1 Potential European Dye Plants Yesterday and Now 46
4.2.2 Modern Cultivation Methods-- General Facts 47
4.2.3 Blue- Dye Plants 48
4.2.4 Red- Dye Plants 49
4.2.5 Yellow- Dye Plants 49
4.2.6 Brown- Dye Plants 52
4.2.7 Production of Dye Extracts 54
4.3 Natural Colorants from Agro- Food Residues 55
4.4 Natural Colorants from Forestry and Timber Industry 56
4.5 Relevant Examples for the Application 57
4.6 Conclusions, Discussion, and Summary 58
Acknowledgement 58
References 59
5 Dyes in South America 63
Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Annatto 65
5.3 Turmeric 67
5.4 Marigold 68
5.5 Cochineal and Carmine 69
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
6 Natural Dyes in Eastern Asia (Vietnam and Neighboring Countries) 75
Tung Pham and Thomas Bechtold
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Annatto (Bixa orellana L., Family Bixaceae) 75
6.3 Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Family Theaceae) 77
6.4 Umbrella Tree (Terminalia catappa L., Family Combretaceae) 77
6.5 Mackloeur (Diospyros mollis L. Griff, Family Ebenaceae) 78
6.6 Indigo (Indigofera L., Family Fabaceae) 79
6.6.1 Indigofera tinctoria L. 79
6.6.2 Indigofera galegoides dc 80
6.6.3 Strobilanthes cusia (Baphicacanthus) 80
6.7 Henna (Kok Khan or Khao Youak in Laos) (Lawsonia spinosa L., Family Lythraceae) 80
6.8 Nacre (African Mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, Family Meliaceae) 81
6.9 Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L., Family Fabaceae) 81
6.10 Japanese Pagoda Tree Flowers (Sophora japonica L., Family Leguminosae) 82
6.11 Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Family Zingiberaceae) 82
6.12 Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L. or Achras zapota, Family Sapotaceae) 82
6.13 Betel (Piper betel L., Family Piperaceae) 83
6.14 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus, Family Myrtaceae) 83
6.15 Caesalpinia Yellow (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., Family Fabaceae) 83
6.16 Brow- Tuber; Yam (Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour, Family Dioscoreaceae) 83
6.17 Others 84
Acknowledgement 84
References 84
7 Sources for Natural Colorants in China 89
Ren-Cheng Tang
7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 Sophora japonica Yellow 92
7.3 Turmeric 93
7.4 Gardenia Yellow 93
7.5 Emodin 93
7.6 Baicalin 94
7.7 Berberine 94
7.8 Henna 94
7.9 Monascus Red 95
7.10 Madder 95
7.11 Sorghum Red 95
7.12 Mulberry Red 96
7.13 Shikonin 96
7.14 Indigo 96
7.15 Condensed Tannins 97
7.16 Tea Polyphenols 98
7.17 Gallnut 99
References 99
8 Sources, Application, and Analysis of Natural Colorants: An Indian Perspective 103
Prof. (Dr.) Ashis Kumar Samanta and Prof. (Dr.) Deepali Singhee
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 Natural Dyes in India 104
8.2.1 History 104
8.2.2 Traditional Processes of Dyeing with Natural Dyes in Different Parts of India 105
8.2.3 Sources of Natural Dyes in India 106
8.2.4 Use of Some Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles of India 107
8.3 Details of Some Dye Sources and Their Application in India 109
8.3.1 Turmeric 109
8.3.2 Pomegranate 111
8.3.3 Flame of Forest 114
8.3.4 Marigold 116
8.3.5 Safflower 118
8.3.6 Annatto 120
8.3.7 Madder 123
8.3.8 Indian Mulberry 125
8.3.9 Arjuna 127
8.3.10 Sappanwood 130
8.3.11 Eucalyptus 132
8.3.12 Catechu 134
8.3.13 Gallnut 137
8.3.14 Myrobolan 140
8.3.15 Lac 142
8.3.16 Indigo 145
References 147
9 Natural Dye Gardens in North America 161
Wendy Weiss and Thomas Bechtold
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Participants 162
9.3 Education 163
9.4 Motivation to Work with Natural Dye 166
9.5 Plant List-- Cultivated Plants 166
9.6 Chemical Background of Most Relevant Plants 168
9.7 Plant List-- Foraged Plants 172
9.8 Plants with Indigotin 172
9.9 Importance of the Fibershed Movement 173
9.10 Educational and Community Gardens 174
9.11 Mexico 177
9.12 Canada 177
9.13 Future Research 178
References 178
Notes 179
III Colorant Production and Properties 181
10 Chlorophylls 183
María Roca
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 Chemical Structures and Physicochemical Properties 184
10.3 Chlorophylls as Colorants 187
10.4 New Trends in the Use of Chlorophylls as Colorants 189
10.5 Stability and Analysis 190
10.6 Toxicological and Safety Aspects 191
References 192
11 Indigo-- Production and Properties 195
Philip John and Luciana Gabriella Angelini
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Agronomy 196
11.2.1 Isatis 196
11.2.1.1 Developmental Stages and Climate and Soil Crop Requirements 197
11.2.1.2 Rotation 201
11.2.1.3 Soil Tillage and Seed Sowing 202
11.2.1.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 203
11.2.1.5 Fertilizers and Irrigation 204
11.2.1.6 Harvesting and Yields 205
11.2.1.7 Seed Production 207
11.2.1.8 Isatis indigotica Compared with Isatis tinctoria 208
11.2.2 Persicaria 209
11.2.2.1 Introduction 209
11.2.2.2 Developmental Stages 211
11.2.2.3 Sowing, Harvesting, and Yield 211
11.2.2.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases 216
11.2.2.5 Fertilizer and Irrigation Requirement 216
11.2.2.6 Seed Production 217
11.2.3 Indigofera 217
11.3 Methods of Determining Indigo 219
11.4 Precursors in the Plants 222
11.5 Direct Dyeing with Indican 227
11.6 Indigo Formation 227
11.7 Extraction Procedures 229
11.7.1 Traditional Process Using Crushed Leaf Material 229
11.7.1.1 Isatis 229
11.7.1.2 Persicaria 230
11.7.2 Steeping in Water 231
11.7.2.1 Indigofera 232
11.7.2.2 Isatis 234
11.7.2.3 Persicaria 239
11.8 Purity of Natural Indigo 240
11.8.1 Purification by Sublimation 241
11.8.2 Impurities in Natural Indigo 242
Acknowledgements 245
References 245
12 Anthocyanins: Revisiting Nature's Glamorous Palette 251
Maria J. Melo, Fernando Pina, Natércia Teixeira and Claude Andary
12.1 Chemical Basis 251
12.1.1 Chemical Structures 251
12.1.2 Equilibria in Solution 253
12.1.3 Kinetics 254
12.1.4 Color and Color Stability 254
12.1.5 Anthocyanins as Antioxidants 258
12.2 Natural Sources and Applications for Anthocyanins 259
12.2.1 Plants Sources, Content, Influencing Parameters 259
12.2.2 Food Colorants 260
12.2.3 Other Uses 261
12.2.4 Examples of Commercial Products and Processing 262
References 263
Appendix 1 267
A1.1 Multi-Equilibria in Acidic and Basic Media 267
A1.2 Measuring the Equilibria Constants 269
13 Natural Colorants-- Quinoid, Naphthoquinoid, and Anthraquinoid Dyes 271
Goverdina C. H. Derksen and Thomas Bechtold
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Benzoquinone Dyes 271
13.3 Diaryloylmethane Dyes 273
13.4 Naphthoquinone Dyes 273
13.4.1 Lawson (2- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Orange 6) 274
13.4.1.1 Properties and Use 274
13.4.1.2 Agricultural Aspects 276
13.4.2 Juglone (5- hydroxy- 1,4- naphthoquinone, CI Natural Brown 7) 278
13.5 Anthraquinone Dyes 279
13.5.1 Main Components Emodin and Chrysophanol-- Rheum and Rumex Species 279
13.5.2 Main Components Alizarin and/or Pseudopurpurin/Purpurin 281
13.5.2.1 Plant Sources 281
13.5.2.2 Madder CI Natural Red 8 282
References 294
14 Natural Colorants from Lichens and Mushrooms 317
Riikka Räisänen
14.1 Use of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants in History 317
14.2 Cultivation of Lichens and Mushrooms 318
14.3 Colorant Structures in Lichens and Mushrooms 319
14.3.1 Lichen Dyes: Orchils and Litmus 321
14.3.2 Yellowish, Brownish, and Reddish Colorants from Lichen 322
14.3.3 Blue Terphenylquinones from Mushrooms 322
14.3.4 Anthraquinones 324
14.3.4.1 Bloodred Webcap (Cortinarius sanguineus) 324
14.3.5 Other Colorants of Fungi 326
14.3.5.1 Yellows from Grevillines 326
14.3.5.2 Yellow and Orange Colors from Pulvinic Acid Derivatives 326
14.3.5.3 Brown from Badiones 326
14.4 Stability of Lichen and Mushroom Colorants 326
14.5 New Approaches to Lichen and Fungal Colorants 327
References 328
15 Focus on Tannins 333
Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto and Hely Häggman
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation 335
15.3 Properties of Tannins 338
15.4 Chemical Activities of Tannins 340
15.5 Analysis of Tannins 340
15.5.1 Sample Preservation 340
15.5.2 Extraction and Purification 340
15.5.3 Quantification of Tannins 341
15.6 Use, Toxicology, and Safety Aspects of Tannins 342
References 345
16 Carotenoid Dyes-- Properties and Production 351
U. Gamage Chandrika
16.1...
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Populäre Darstellungen |
| Genre: | Chemie |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Seiten: | 688 |
| Inhalt: | 688 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119811718 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119811716 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1W119811710 |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: | Bechtold, T |
| Redaktion: |
Bechtold, Thomas
Manian, Avinash P Pham, Tung Stevens, Christian V |
| Herausgeber: | Thomas Bechtold/Avinash P Manian/Tung Pham et al |
| Auflage: | 2nd edition |
| Hersteller: | Turner Publishing Company |
| Maße: | 257 x 182 x 38 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Thomas Bechtold (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 10.04.2023 |
| Gewicht: | 1,568 kg |
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