Introduction: counterfactual history and the Jewish imagination Gavriel D. Rosenfeld; 1. What if the Exodus had never happened? Steven Weitzman; 2. What if the temple of Jerusalem had not been destroyed by the Romans? René Bloch; 3. What if King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella had not expelled the Jews of Spain in 1492? Jonathan Ray; 4. What if the 'ghetto' had never been constructed? Bernard Cooperman; 5. What if Spinoza had repented? Eugene Sheppard; 6. What if Russian Jewry had never been confined to the pale of Jewish settlement? Jeffrey Veidlinger; 7. What if a Christian state had been established in Modern Palestine? Derek Penslar; 8. What if the Jewish state had been established in East Africa? Adam Rovner; 9. What if Franz Kafka had immigrated to Palestine? Iris Bruce; 10. What if the Palestinian Arab elite had chosen compromise instead of boycott in confronting Zionism? Kenneth W. Stein; 11. What if Musa Alami and David Ben-Gurion had agreed on a Jewish-Arab state? David Myers; 12. What if the Weimar Republic had survived? Michael Brenner; 13. What if Adolf Hitler had been assassinated in 1939? Gavriel D. Rosenfeld; 14. What if the Nazis had won the battle of El Alamein? Jeffrey Herf; 15. What if the final solution had been completed? Dirk Rupnow; 16. What if the Holocaust had been averted? Jeffrey Gurock; Index.