List of contributors; Foreword Masao Kawai; Preface; Introduction Michael A. Huffman, Paul L. Vasey and Jean-Baptiste Leca; Part I. Historical Perspectives: 1. A brief historical timeline of research on the Arashiyama macaques Michael A. Huffman, Linda M. Fedigan, Paul L. Vasey and Jean-Baptiste Leca; 2. In search of the phantom monkeys (originally published in 1975) Eiji Ohta, translated by Michael A. Huffman; 3. Arashiyama monkeys in the late 1950s Yukimaru Sugiyama; 4. Touches of humanity in monkey society (originally published in 1980) Naoki Koyama, translated by Michael A. Huffman; 5. Fifty years of female macaque demography at Arashiyama, with special reference to long-lived females (>25 years) Alisa Chalmers, Michael A. Huffman, Naoki Koyama and Yukio Takahata; Part II. Sexual Behaviour: 6. Long-term trends in the mating relationships of Japanese macaques at Arashiyama, Japan Michael A. Huffman and Yukio Takahata; 7. Correlates between ovarian cycle phase and mating season behaviour in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) Ann O'Neill; 8. Factors influencing mating frequency of male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at Arashiyama West Katharine M. Jack; 9. Costs and benefits of old age reproduction in the Arashiyama West female Japanese macaques Mary S. M. Pavelka and Linda M. Fedigan; 10. Is female homosexual behaviour in Japanese macaques really sexual? Paul L. Vasey and Doug P. VanderLaan; Box essay. Male homosexual behaviour in Arashiyama Yuji Takenoshita; 11. A theoretical model of the development and evolution of non-conceptive mounting behaviour in Japanese macaques Doug P. VanderLaan, Sergio M. Pellis and Paul L. Vasey; 12. Male masturbation behaviour of Japanese macaques in Arashiyama E troop Eiji Inoue; Part III. Cultural Behaviour, Social Interactions, and Ecology: 13. Thirty years of stone handling tradition in Arashiyama macaques: implications for cumulative culture and tool use in non-human primates Jean-Baptiste Leca, Noëlle Gunst and Michael A. Huffman; 14. Social object play among juvenile Japanese macaques: comparison between the provisioned Arashiyama troop and the non-provisioned Kinkazan troop Masaki Shimada; Box essay. Play fighting in Japanese macaques: a comparative perspective Sergio M. Pellis and Vivien C. Pellis; Box essay. Eye-covering play in Japanese macaques and orangutans Anne Russon and Paul L. Vasey; 15. Behavioural sequences involved in grooming interactions in adult female Japanese macaques: how do participants change roles and maintain interactions? Mariko Fujimoto; Box essay. Dental flossing behaviour as a grooming-related innovation by a Japanese macaque Jean-Baptiste Leca; 16. The impact of kinship, defence cost and priority of access on food competition in Japanese macaques Patrick Bélisle, Jean Prud'homme and Constance Dubuc; 17. Plant-food diet of the Arashiyama Japanese macaques and its potential medicinal value Michael A. Huffman and Andrew J. J. MacIntosh; Part IV. Management and Education: 18. Birth control in female Japanese macaques at Iwatayama Monkey Park, Arashiyama Keiko Shimizu; 19. Importance of the Arashiyama Japanese macaques in science and environmental education Yuji Takenoshita and Yukiyo Maekawa; Appendix. Bibliography of publications on the Arashiyama macaques; Index.