Introduction Niketas Siniossoglou and Anthony Kaldellis; Part I. The Transmission of Knowledge: 1. Institutional settings: the court, schools, church, and monasteries Jonathan Harris; 2. Byzantine books Inmaculada Pérez Martín; 3. Questions and answers Stephanos Efthymiades; 4. Classical scholarship: the Byzantine contribution Eleanor Dickey; 5. Intellectual exchanges with the Arab world Dimitris Gutas, Anthony Kaldellis and Brian Long; Part II. Sciences of the Word: 6. Rhetoric and rhetorical theory Stratis Papaioannou; 7. Byzantine literary criticism and the classical heritage Manolis Bourbouhakis; 8. Theories of art Charles Barber; 9. Legal thought Bernard Stolte; Part III. Sciences of the World: 10. Conceptions of science in Byzantium Dominic O'Meara; 11. Astronomy Anne Tihon; 12. Astrology Paul Magdalino; 13. Magic and the occult sciences Richard Greenfield; 14. Alchemy Gerasimos Merianos; 15. Medical thought and practice Timothy S. Miller; Part IV. Philosophy and Theology in Middle Byzantium: 16. Philosophy and 'Byzantine philosophy' Dimitris Gutas and Niketas Siniossoglou; 17. The formation of the Patristic Tradition John A. McGuckin; Section 1. Platonic Themes: 18. The Byzantine reception of Neoplatonism Tuomo Lankila; 19. Platonism from Maximos the Confessor to the Palaiologan period Andrew Louth; 20. Fate, free choice, and divine providence from the Neoplatonists to John of Damascus Ken Parry; Section 2. Aristotelian Themes: 21. Logic in Byzantium Christophe Erismann; 22. The presence of Aristotle in Byzantine theology David Bradshaw; 23. Reading and commenting on Aristotle Michele Trizio; Section 3. Individuals in Context: 24. Maximos the Confessor Phil Booth; 25. John of Damascus' philosophy of the individual and the theology of icons Anna Zhyrkova; 26. Michael Psellos David Jenkins; 27. Trials of philosophers and theologians under the Komnenoi Michele Trizio; Part V. Philosophy and Theology in Late Byzantium: 28. Theological debates with the West, 1054-1300 Tia Kolbaba; 29. The Hesychast controversy Norman Russell; 30. Orthodox mystical theology and its intellectual roots Andrew Louth; 31. Kabbalah in Byzantium Moshe Idel; 32. Aquinas in Byzantium Marcus Plested; 33. Theology, philosophy, and politics at Ferrara-Florence Marie-Hélène Blanchet; Part VI. Politics and History: 34. Basileia: the idea of monarchy in Byzantium, 600-1200 Paul Magdalino; 35. Historiography as political debate Dimitris Krallis; 36. Theories of decline from Metochites to Ibn Khaldun Teresa Shawcross; 37. Plethon, Scholarios, and the late Byzantine state of emergency Niketas Siniossoglou; 38. The Byzantine legacy in early modern political thought Paschalis M. Kitromilides; Bibliography; Index of names; Subject index.