General introduction Jonathan Shepard; Part I. The Earlier Empire (c.500-c.700): 1. Justinian and his legacy (500-600) Andrew Louth; 2. Eastern neighbours; 2.1. Persia and the Sasanian monarchy (224-651) Zeev Rubin; 2.2. Armenia (400-600) R. W. Thomson; 2.3. The Arabs to the time of the Prophet Lawrence I. Conrad; 3. Western approaches (500-600) John Moorhead; 4. Byzantium transforming (600-700) Andrew Louth; Part II. The Middle Empire (c.700-1204): 5. State of emergency (700-850) Marie-France Auzépy; 6. After iconoclasm (850-886) Shaun Tougher; 7. Religious missions Sergey A. Ivanov; 8. Armenian neighbours (600-1045) T. W. Greenwood; 9. Confronting Islam: emperors versus caliphs (641-c.850) Walter E. Kaegi; 10. Western approaches (700-900) Michael McCormick; 11. Byzantine Italy (680-876) Thomas S. Brown; 12. The middle Byzantine economy (600-1204) Mark Whittow; 13. Equilibrium to expansion (886-1025) Jonathan Shepard; 14. Western approaches (900-1025) Jonathan Shepard; 15. Byzantium and southern Italy (876-1000) G. A. Loud; 16. Belle époque or crisis? (1025-1118) Michael Angold; 17. The empire of the Komnenoi (1118-1204) Paul Magdalino; 18. Balkan borderlands (1018-1204) Paul Stephenson; 19. Raiders and neighbours: the Turks (1040-1304) D. A. Korobeinikov; Part III. The Byzantine Lands in the Later Middle Ages (1204-1492): 20. After the Fourth Crusade: 20.1. The Greek rump states and the recovery of Byzantium Michael Angold; 20.2. The Latin empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states David Jacoby; 21. Balkans powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300) Alain Ducellier; 22. The Palaiologoi and the world around them (1261-1400) Angeliki E. Laiou; 23. Latins in the Aegean and the Balkans (1300-1400) Michel Balard; 24. The Roman orthodox world (1393-1492) Anthony Bryer.