Part I. Mesopotamia: 1. Science and ancient Mesopotamia Francesca Rochberg; 2. Babylonian medicine as a discipline Markham Geller; 3. Mesopotamian mathematics Jens Høyrup; 4. Babylonian and Assyrian astral science John M. Steele; Part II. Egypt: 5. The cultural context of (mathematical) experts in Ancient Egypt Annette Imhausen; 6. Egyptian medicine John Nunn; 7. Egyptian calendars and astronomy Rolf Krauss; 8. Egyptian mathematics Jens Høyrup; Part III. Greek and Greco-Roman: 9. Physical and cosmological thought before Aristotle Daniel Graham; 10. Aristotle: an overview Andrea Falcon; 11. Aristotle's physical theory Eric Lewis; 12. Aristotle and the origins of zoology James G. Lennox; 13. Botany Laurence Totelin; 14. Science after Aristotle: Hellenistic and Roman science Liba Taub; 15. Late antiquity: science in the philosophical schools Miira Tuominen; 16. Medicine in early and classical Greece Philip van der Eijk; 17. Hellenistic and Roman medicine Vivian Nutton; 18. Greek mathematics Nathan Sidoli; 19. Astronomy and astrology Alexander Jones; 20. Greek and Greco-Roman geography Klaus Geus; 21. Greek optics A. Mark Smith; 22. Harmonics Andrew Barker; 23. Greek mechanics Serafina Cuomo; 24. Graeco-Egyptian alchemy Cristina Viano; Part IV. India: 25. Astronomy and astrology in India Kim Plofker; 26. Mathematics in early India (1000 BCE-1000 CE) Clemency Montelle; 27. Indian medicine and Ayurveda Philipp A. Maas; Part V. China: 28. Mathematical knowledge and practices from early imperial China until the Tang Dynasty Karine Chemla; 29. Medicine and healing in Han China Vivienne Lo; 30. Chinese astronomy in the early imperial age: a brief outline Christopher Cullen.