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The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, and Networking
An Information Technology Approach
Taschenbuch von Irv Englander (u. a.)
Sprache: Englisch

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Beschreibung
"The subject of this book is the architecture of computer systems. Computer architecture is about the structure and operation of digital computers and computer-based devices. Computer architecture is concerned with the operational methods of the hardware; with the services provided by operating system software; with the acquisition, processing, storage, and output of data; and with the interaction between computer-based devices"--Preface.
"The subject of this book is the architecture of computer systems. Computer architecture is about the structure and operation of digital computers and computer-based devices. Computer architecture is concerned with the operational methods of the hardware; with the services provided by operating system software; with the acquisition, processing, storage, and output of data; and with the interaction between computer-based devices"--Preface.
Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xxiii

About the Authors xxix

Part I An Overview of Computer Systems

1 Computers and Systems 4

1.0 Introduction 5

1.1 The Starting Point 8

1.2 Components of the Computer System 10

The Hardware Component 13

The Software Component 15

The Communication Component 17

The Computer System 17

1.3 The Concept of Virtualization 19

1.4 Protocols and Standards 20

1.5 Overview of This Book 21

1.6 A Brief Architectural History of the Computer 22

Early Work 23

Computer Hardware 24

Operating Systems 27

Communication, Networks, and the Internet 31

Summary and Review 32

For Further Reading 33

Key Concepts and Terms 33

Reading Review Questions 33

Exercises 34

2 An Introduction to System Concepts and Systems Architecture 36

2.0 Introduction 37

2.1 The General Concept of Systems 37

2.2 IT System Architectures 44

The Role of the System Architect 46

Summary and Review 48

For Further Reading 48

Key Concepts and Terms 49

Reading Review Questions 49

Exercises 49

Part II Data in the Computer

3 Number Systems 52

3.0 Introduction 53

3.1 Numbers as a Physical Representation 53

3.2 Counting in Different Bases 54

3.3 Performing Arithmetic in Different Number Bases 59

3.4 Numeric Conversion Between Number Bases 63

Alternative Conversion Methods 65

3.5 A Special Conversion Case-Number Bases That Are Related 67

3.6 Fractions 68

Fractional Conversion Methods 71

3.7 Mixed Number Conversions 73

Summary and Review 73

For Further Reading 74

Key Concepts and Terms 74

Reading Review Questions 74

Exercises 75

4 Data Formats 78

4.0 Introduction 79

4.1 General Considerations 79

4.2 Alphanumeric Character Data 82

4.3 Visual Data 88

Bitmap Images 89

Object Images 93

Representing Characters as Images 96

Video Images 96

4.4 Audio Data 97

4.5 Data Compression 100

4.6 Page Description Languages 102

4.7 Internal Computer Data Format 102

Numerical Character to Integer Conversion 104

Summary and Review 105

For Further Reading 106

Key Concepts and Terms 106

Reading Review Questions 106

Exercises 107

5 Representing Numerical Data 110

5.0 Introduction 111

5.1 Unsigned Binary and Binary-Coded Decimal Representations 111

5.2 Representations for Signed Integers 115

Sign-and-Magnitude Representation 115

Nine's Decimal and 1's Binary Complementary Representations 117

Ten's Complement and 2's Complement 124

Overflow and Carry Conditions 126

Other Bases 127

Summary of Rules for Complementary Numbers 128

5.3 Real Numbers 128

A Review of Exponential Notation 128

Floating Point Format 130

Normalization and Formatting of Floating Point Numbers 133

A Programming Example 135

Floating Point Calculations 136

Floating Point in the Computer 139

Conversion between Base 10 and Base 2 141

5.4 Programming Considerations 142

Summary and Review 143

For Further Reading 144

Key Concepts and Terms 144

Reading Review Questions 144

Exercises 145

Part III Computer Architecture and Hardware Operation

6 The Little Man Computer 152

6.0 Introduction 153

6.1 Layout of the Little Man Computer 154

6.2 Operation of the LMC 154

6.3 A Simple Program 156

6.4 An Extended Instruction Set 157

6.5 The Instruction Cycle 160

6.6 A Note Regarding Computer Architectures 162

Summary and Review 163

Key Concepts and Terms 163

Reading Review Questions 164

Exercises 164

7 The CPU and Memory 166

7.0 Introduction 167

7.1 The Components of the CPU 168

7.2 The Concept of Registers 169

7.3 The Memory Unit 171

The Operation of Memory 171

Memory Capacity and Addressing Limitations 175

Primary Memory Characteristics and Implementation 176

7.4 The Fetch-Execute Instruction Cycle 178

7.5 Classification of Instructions 181

Data Movement Instructions (load, store, and Other Moves) 183

Arithmetic Instructions 183

Boolean Logic Instructions 184

Single Operand Manipulation Instructions 184

Bit Manipulation Instructions 184

Shift and Rotate Instructions 185

Program Control Instructions 186

Stack Instructions 187

Multiple Data Instructions 189

Other Instructions 190

7.6 Instruction Word Formats 190

7.7 Instruction Word Requirements and Constraints 192

Summary and Review 195

For Further Reading 195

Key Concepts and Terms 195

Reading Review Questions 196

Exercises 197

8 CPU and Memory: Design, Enhancement, and Implementation 200

8.0 Introduction 201

8.1 CPU Architectures 202

Overview 202

Traditional Modern Architectures 202

8.2 CPU Features and Enhancements 203

Introduction 203

Fetch-Execute Cycle Timing Issues 204

A Model for Improved CPU Performance 206

Scalar and Superscalar Processor Organization 210

8.3 Memory Enhancements 213

Wide Path Memory Access 214

Memory Interleaving 214

Cache Memory 215

8.4 The Compleat Modern Superscalar CPU 219

8.5 Multiprocessing 221

8.6 A Few Comments on Implementation 225

Summary and Review 225

For Further Reading 226

Key Concepts and Terms 227

Reading Review Questions 227

Exercises 228

9 Input/Output and Buses 230

9.0 Introduction 231

9.1 Characteristics of Typical I/O Devices 232

9.2 Programmed I/O 237

9.3 Interrupts 239

Servicing Interrupts 239

The Uses of Interrupts 241

Multiple Interrupts and Prioritization 245

9.4 Direct Memory Access 249

9.5 I/O Controllers 252

9.6 Buses 254

Bus Characteristics 254

Summary and Review 258

For Further Reading 259

Key Concepts and Terms 259

Reading Review Questions 259

Exercises 260

10 Computer Peripherals 262

10.0 Introduction 263

10.1 The Hierarchy of Storage 264

10.2 Solid-State Memory 266

10.3 Magnetic Disks 267

Disk Arrays 272

10.4 Optical Disk Storage 274

10.5 Magnetic Tape 276

10.6 Displays 277

Basic Display Design 277

Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) 279

Liquid Crystal Display Technology 282

OLED Display Technology 283

10.7 Printers 284

Laser Printers 285

Inkjet Printers 285

10.8 User Input Devices 286

Keyboards 287

Pointing Devices 287

Alternative Sources of Alphanumeric Input 288

Scanners 291

Multimedia Input 291

Mobile Devices 292

10.9 Network Communication Devices 293

Summary and Review 293

For Further Reading 294

Key Concepts and Terms 294

Reading Review Questions 295

Exercises 295

11 Computer System Organization 298

11.0 Introduction 299

11.1 Putting the Pieces Together 300

11.2 System Architecture 305

Basic System Interconnection Requirements 305

Bus I/O 307

Channel Architecture 311

Blurring the Line 313

Summary and Review 313

For Further Reading 313

Key Concepts and Terms 314

Reading Review Questions 314

Exercises 314

Part IV Networks, Data Communications, and Networked Computer Systems

12 Networks and Data Communications-An Overview 318

12.0 Introduction 319

12.1 The Impact of Networking on Business Processes and User Access to Knowledge and Services 320

12.2 A Simple View of Data Communications 321

12.3 Basic Data Communication Concepts 324

Messages 324

Packets 325

General Channel Characteristics 326

12.4 Networks 330

Network Topology 330

Types of Networks 334

Network Interconnection 347

12.5 Standards 351

Summary and Review 352

For Further Reading 352

Key Concepts and Terms 352

Reading Review Questions 353

Exercises 353

13 Ethernet and T CP/IP Networking 356

13.0 Introduction 357

13.1 TCP/IP, OSI, and Other Communication Protocol Models 357

13.2 Program Applications versus Network Applications 362

13.3 The Physical and Data Link Layers 362

The Physical Layer 363

The Data Link Layer 364

Hub-Based Ethernet 366

Switched Ethernet 366

Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) 367

13.4 The Network Layer 368

13.5 The Transport Layer 372

13.6 IP Addresses 376

IPv4 and DHCP 376

IPv6 379

13.7 Domain Names and DNS Services 380

13.8 Quality of Service 385

13.9 Network Security 386

Physical and Logical Access Restriction 386

Encryption 387

13.10 Alternative Protocols 387

A Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI 388

Other Protocol Suites and Components 388

SCSI Over IP 389

Cellular Technology 389

MPLS 390

Summary and Review 390

For Further Reading 391

Key Concepts and Terms 391

Reading Review Questions 392

Exercises 392

14 Communication Channel T echnology 396

14.0 Introduction 397

14.1 Communication Channel Technology...

Details
Erscheinungsjahr: 2021
Fachbereich: Hardware
Genre: Informatik
Rubrik: Naturwissenschaften & Technik
Medium: Taschenbuch
Inhalt: Kartoniert / Broschiert
ISBN-13: 9781119495208
ISBN-10: 1119495202
Sprache: Englisch
Einband: Kartoniert / Broschiert
Autor: Englander, Irv
Wong, Wilson
Auflage: 6th edition
Hersteller: Wiley
Maße: 251 x 203 x 30 mm
Von/Mit: Irv Englander (u. a.)
Erscheinungsdatum: 06.04.2021
Gewicht: 1,157 kg
Artikel-ID: 119769251
Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xxiii

About the Authors xxix

Part I An Overview of Computer Systems

1 Computers and Systems 4

1.0 Introduction 5

1.1 The Starting Point 8

1.2 Components of the Computer System 10

The Hardware Component 13

The Software Component 15

The Communication Component 17

The Computer System 17

1.3 The Concept of Virtualization 19

1.4 Protocols and Standards 20

1.5 Overview of This Book 21

1.6 A Brief Architectural History of the Computer 22

Early Work 23

Computer Hardware 24

Operating Systems 27

Communication, Networks, and the Internet 31

Summary and Review 32

For Further Reading 33

Key Concepts and Terms 33

Reading Review Questions 33

Exercises 34

2 An Introduction to System Concepts and Systems Architecture 36

2.0 Introduction 37

2.1 The General Concept of Systems 37

2.2 IT System Architectures 44

The Role of the System Architect 46

Summary and Review 48

For Further Reading 48

Key Concepts and Terms 49

Reading Review Questions 49

Exercises 49

Part II Data in the Computer

3 Number Systems 52

3.0 Introduction 53

3.1 Numbers as a Physical Representation 53

3.2 Counting in Different Bases 54

3.3 Performing Arithmetic in Different Number Bases 59

3.4 Numeric Conversion Between Number Bases 63

Alternative Conversion Methods 65

3.5 A Special Conversion Case-Number Bases That Are Related 67

3.6 Fractions 68

Fractional Conversion Methods 71

3.7 Mixed Number Conversions 73

Summary and Review 73

For Further Reading 74

Key Concepts and Terms 74

Reading Review Questions 74

Exercises 75

4 Data Formats 78

4.0 Introduction 79

4.1 General Considerations 79

4.2 Alphanumeric Character Data 82

4.3 Visual Data 88

Bitmap Images 89

Object Images 93

Representing Characters as Images 96

Video Images 96

4.4 Audio Data 97

4.5 Data Compression 100

4.6 Page Description Languages 102

4.7 Internal Computer Data Format 102

Numerical Character to Integer Conversion 104

Summary and Review 105

For Further Reading 106

Key Concepts and Terms 106

Reading Review Questions 106

Exercises 107

5 Representing Numerical Data 110

5.0 Introduction 111

5.1 Unsigned Binary and Binary-Coded Decimal Representations 111

5.2 Representations for Signed Integers 115

Sign-and-Magnitude Representation 115

Nine's Decimal and 1's Binary Complementary Representations 117

Ten's Complement and 2's Complement 124

Overflow and Carry Conditions 126

Other Bases 127

Summary of Rules for Complementary Numbers 128

5.3 Real Numbers 128

A Review of Exponential Notation 128

Floating Point Format 130

Normalization and Formatting of Floating Point Numbers 133

A Programming Example 135

Floating Point Calculations 136

Floating Point in the Computer 139

Conversion between Base 10 and Base 2 141

5.4 Programming Considerations 142

Summary and Review 143

For Further Reading 144

Key Concepts and Terms 144

Reading Review Questions 144

Exercises 145

Part III Computer Architecture and Hardware Operation

6 The Little Man Computer 152

6.0 Introduction 153

6.1 Layout of the Little Man Computer 154

6.2 Operation of the LMC 154

6.3 A Simple Program 156

6.4 An Extended Instruction Set 157

6.5 The Instruction Cycle 160

6.6 A Note Regarding Computer Architectures 162

Summary and Review 163

Key Concepts and Terms 163

Reading Review Questions 164

Exercises 164

7 The CPU and Memory 166

7.0 Introduction 167

7.1 The Components of the CPU 168

7.2 The Concept of Registers 169

7.3 The Memory Unit 171

The Operation of Memory 171

Memory Capacity and Addressing Limitations 175

Primary Memory Characteristics and Implementation 176

7.4 The Fetch-Execute Instruction Cycle 178

7.5 Classification of Instructions 181

Data Movement Instructions (load, store, and Other Moves) 183

Arithmetic Instructions 183

Boolean Logic Instructions 184

Single Operand Manipulation Instructions 184

Bit Manipulation Instructions 184

Shift and Rotate Instructions 185

Program Control Instructions 186

Stack Instructions 187

Multiple Data Instructions 189

Other Instructions 190

7.6 Instruction Word Formats 190

7.7 Instruction Word Requirements and Constraints 192

Summary and Review 195

For Further Reading 195

Key Concepts and Terms 195

Reading Review Questions 196

Exercises 197

8 CPU and Memory: Design, Enhancement, and Implementation 200

8.0 Introduction 201

8.1 CPU Architectures 202

Overview 202

Traditional Modern Architectures 202

8.2 CPU Features and Enhancements 203

Introduction 203

Fetch-Execute Cycle Timing Issues 204

A Model for Improved CPU Performance 206

Scalar and Superscalar Processor Organization 210

8.3 Memory Enhancements 213

Wide Path Memory Access 214

Memory Interleaving 214

Cache Memory 215

8.4 The Compleat Modern Superscalar CPU 219

8.5 Multiprocessing 221

8.6 A Few Comments on Implementation 225

Summary and Review 225

For Further Reading 226

Key Concepts and Terms 227

Reading Review Questions 227

Exercises 228

9 Input/Output and Buses 230

9.0 Introduction 231

9.1 Characteristics of Typical I/O Devices 232

9.2 Programmed I/O 237

9.3 Interrupts 239

Servicing Interrupts 239

The Uses of Interrupts 241

Multiple Interrupts and Prioritization 245

9.4 Direct Memory Access 249

9.5 I/O Controllers 252

9.6 Buses 254

Bus Characteristics 254

Summary and Review 258

For Further Reading 259

Key Concepts and Terms 259

Reading Review Questions 259

Exercises 260

10 Computer Peripherals 262

10.0 Introduction 263

10.1 The Hierarchy of Storage 264

10.2 Solid-State Memory 266

10.3 Magnetic Disks 267

Disk Arrays 272

10.4 Optical Disk Storage 274

10.5 Magnetic Tape 276

10.6 Displays 277

Basic Display Design 277

Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) 279

Liquid Crystal Display Technology 282

OLED Display Technology 283

10.7 Printers 284

Laser Printers 285

Inkjet Printers 285

10.8 User Input Devices 286

Keyboards 287

Pointing Devices 287

Alternative Sources of Alphanumeric Input 288

Scanners 291

Multimedia Input 291

Mobile Devices 292

10.9 Network Communication Devices 293

Summary and Review 293

For Further Reading 294

Key Concepts and Terms 294

Reading Review Questions 295

Exercises 295

11 Computer System Organization 298

11.0 Introduction 299

11.1 Putting the Pieces Together 300

11.2 System Architecture 305

Basic System Interconnection Requirements 305

Bus I/O 307

Channel Architecture 311

Blurring the Line 313

Summary and Review 313

For Further Reading 313

Key Concepts and Terms 314

Reading Review Questions 314

Exercises 314

Part IV Networks, Data Communications, and Networked Computer Systems

12 Networks and Data Communications-An Overview 318

12.0 Introduction 319

12.1 The Impact of Networking on Business Processes and User Access to Knowledge and Services 320

12.2 A Simple View of Data Communications 321

12.3 Basic Data Communication Concepts 324

Messages 324

Packets 325

General Channel Characteristics 326

12.4 Networks 330

Network Topology 330

Types of Networks 334

Network Interconnection 347

12.5 Standards 351

Summary and Review 352

For Further Reading 352

Key Concepts and Terms 352

Reading Review Questions 353

Exercises 353

13 Ethernet and T CP/IP Networking 356

13.0 Introduction 357

13.1 TCP/IP, OSI, and Other Communication Protocol Models 357

13.2 Program Applications versus Network Applications 362

13.3 The Physical and Data Link Layers 362

The Physical Layer 363

The Data Link Layer 364

Hub-Based Ethernet 366

Switched Ethernet 366

Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) 367

13.4 The Network Layer 368

13.5 The Transport Layer 372

13.6 IP Addresses 376

IPv4 and DHCP 376

IPv6 379

13.7 Domain Names and DNS Services 380

13.8 Quality of Service 385

13.9 Network Security 386

Physical and Logical Access Restriction 386

Encryption 387

13.10 Alternative Protocols 387

A Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI 388

Other Protocol Suites and Components 388

SCSI Over IP 389

Cellular Technology 389

MPLS 390

Summary and Review 390

For Further Reading 391

Key Concepts and Terms 391

Reading Review Questions 392

Exercises 392

14 Communication Channel T echnology 396

14.0 Introduction 397

14.1 Communication Channel Technology...

Details
Erscheinungsjahr: 2021
Fachbereich: Hardware
Genre: Informatik
Rubrik: Naturwissenschaften & Technik
Medium: Taschenbuch
Inhalt: Kartoniert / Broschiert
ISBN-13: 9781119495208
ISBN-10: 1119495202
Sprache: Englisch
Einband: Kartoniert / Broschiert
Autor: Englander, Irv
Wong, Wilson
Auflage: 6th edition
Hersteller: Wiley
Maße: 251 x 203 x 30 mm
Von/Mit: Irv Englander (u. a.)
Erscheinungsdatum: 06.04.2021
Gewicht: 1,157 kg
Artikel-ID: 119769251
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