Eric Blanc is a doctoral student in sociology at New York University and the author of Red State Revolt: The Teachers' Strike Wave and Working-Class Politics (Verso 2019).

Acknowledgements
List of Tables

Introduction
 1  Bringing in the Borderlands
 2  Strategic Continuities and Ruptures
 3  Method, Structure, Sources

1 The Social Context
 1  The Workers’ Movement
 2  The Unique Impact of Orthodox Marxism
 3  Socialist Political Cultures

2 Revolutionary Social Democracy: An Overview
 1  The ABC s of Revolutionary Social Democracy
 2  Strategy and Tactics in Germany and Russia

3 Intellectuals and Workers
 1  Intellectuals and the Tensions of Class Formation
 2  Intellectuals and Workers (1905–17)

4 Organisation, Mass Action, and Electoral Work
 1  Socialist Organisation in Finland
 2  Illegal Organising in Tsarist Russia
 3  The Bolshevik-Menshevik Split
 4  The First Mass Strike Debates (1903–04)
 5  Mass Action and Organisation in 1905
 6  Party Organisation and Mass Action (1906–14)
 7  War and Revolution
 8  Mass Organisation and Action in Finland: 1917–18

5 Working-Class Hegemony
 1  Analysing Liberalism
 2  Tactics Towards Liberals
 3  The Bund versus Zionism (1897–1904)
 4  The PPS and the National Democrats Before 1905
 5  Class Independence in Finland
 6  Early Russian Marxism and Liberals
 7  Working-Class Hegemony (1905–16)
 8  Proletarian Hegemony and Liberals (1906–16)

6 Working-Class Unity
 1  United Front Practices Before 1905
 2  Workers’ Unity and the 1905 Revolution
 3  Implementing the United Front (1906–18)
 4  Disunity in Europe and Poland

7 The Party Question
 1  The German SPD Model
 2  Finland’s Social Democracy
 3  The Normalcy of Splits in Underground Russia
 4  The Split of Polish Socialism
 5  The Bolshevik-Menshevik Split

8 Democracy, the State, and the Finnish Revolution
 1  Critique of Bourgeois Democracy
 2  The Socialist Revolution
 3  The State and Revolution in Finland (1917–18)

9 The Autocratic State and Revolution: 1905
 1  State Power and Marxist Strategy in 1905
 2  The Practice of Revolutionary Government in 1905
 3  Socialist Transformation in Russia
 4  International Revolution

10 The State and Revolution in Russia, Ukraine, and Poland: 1917–19
 1  Moderate Socialists and Dual Power in 1917
 2  Moderates Join the Government
 3  Russian Moderate Socialists in the October Revolution
 4  Moderate Socialists in Ukraine: 1917–18
 5  Moderate Socialism in Poland: 1918–19
 6  Bolsheviks and State Power: February–March 1917
 7  Breaking with the Bourgeoisie: April–October

Epilogue: An International Revolution Defeated
 1  Civil War and Authoritarianism
 2  International Revolution
 3  Impasse in the Imperial Periphery

Bibliography
Index