Preface

1. Background and History
Introduction
The Origins of American Racism
Clearing the Land
Securing Labor
Discouraging Organized Rebellion
Institutional Venues of Racism
Justifying the Racial Hierarchy
Science and Pseudoscience: Alleged Physical and Mental Differences
Religion: Alleged Moral Differences
Perpetuating the Racial Hierarchy
Immigration
Racial Categorization
Participation in Governance
Education
Labor after Slavery
Transportation
Housing
Criminal Justice
Health and Health Care
The Arts
Sports
Consumer Goods and the Reification of Whiteness
Conclusion
References

2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Acknowledging the Past and Recognizing the Presence of Racism in America
Downplaying Racism
How We Handle Our History
Land, Labor, and the Maintenance of the Status Quo Revisited
Clearing the Land Again: The Racialization of Eminent Domain
Securing Labor Again
Discouraging Organized Rebellion Again
Institutional Venues of Racism Revisited
Science and Pseudoscience
Religion
Racial Categorization
Immigration
Participation in Governance
Education
The Labor Market
Transportation
Housing
Criminal Justice
Health and Health Care
The Arts
Sports
Consumer Goods and the Continued Reification of Whiteness
Working toward Solutions
Intergroup Contact
Educational Interventions
Governmental Interventions
Direct Disruption
References

3. Perspectives
The Perils of Racial Progress Narratives Victor Ray
Racism and the Media Landscape in the United States Sahar D. Sattarzadeh and Matthew W. Hughey
Law Enforcement and Immigration Enforcement in the Rio Grande Valley Efrén C. Olivares
Reclaiming the City: Racial Gentrification as Urban Policy Louise Seamster
The Normalcy of Legitimized Racism against Indigenous Peoples Dwanna L. McKay
Beyond DACA: Why the Immigration Battle Must Be Fought for the 11 Million Catalina Adorno Castillo
White Dog, Yellow Mother Alison Ho
The Cost of Silence A. Rochaun Meadows-Fernandez

4. Profiles
American Civil Liberties Union
Black Lives Matter
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
Ku Klux Klan
Nation of Islam
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
The Sentencing Project
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
United Farm Workers' Movement
References

5. Data and Documents
Introduction

Data
Table 5.1. Changes in EEOC Complaints for Race and Color (1997 and 2017)
Table 5.2. Median Income by Race (2017)
Table 5.3. Wealth, Assets, and Debt by Race (2014)
Table 5.4. Age-Adjusted Death Rates by Race/Ethnicity per 100,000 Population (2016)
Table 5.5. Arrests by Race (2017)
Table 5.6. Percentage Distribution of Arrests by Race Compared with Population Distribution (2017)

Documents
Jonathan Edwards, "The Injustice and Impolity of the Slave Trade, and of Slavery" (September 15, 1791)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
A Protest against Prejudice (May 5, 1852)
Frederick Douglass, "The Claims of the Negro" (July 12, 1854)
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (January 31, 1865)
Kelly Miller, "Eugenics of the Negro Race" (1917)
Virginia's "Act to Preserve Racial Integrity" (1924)
The Ringle Report (January 1942)
Lyndon B. Johnson, "Special Message to the Congress Proposing Further Legislation to Strengthen Civil Rights" (April 28, 1966)
Loving v. Virginia (June 12, 1967)

6. Resources
The Arts
Consumer Goods and the Reification of Whiteness
Criminal Justice
Cyber Racism
Education
Employment, Health, Welfare, and Socioeconomic Status
Housing and Transportation
Immigration
Intersectionality
Military
Political Participation
Racial Attitudes
Racial Construction and Categorization
Racial Progress
Religion
Reparations
Science and Pseudoscience
Social Psychology
Sports
Theory
White Supremacy

7. Chronology

Glossary
Index