C. Neal Stewart, PhD, is Racheff Chair of Excellence in Plant Molecular Genetics and Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee. In addition to the prior edition of Plant Biotechnology, he has written Weedy and Invasive Plant Genomics, Plant Transformation Technologies, and Research Ethics for Scientists: A Companion for Students, all published by Wiley.

Foreword xvi Contributors xviii Preface xx 1. The Impact of Biotechnology on Plant Agriculture 1Graham Brookes 1.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 1 1.0.1 Summary 1 1.0.2 Discussion Questions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Cultivation of Biotechnology (GM) Crops 2 1.3 Why Farmers Use Biotech Crops 4 1.4 GM's Effects on Crop Production and Farming 7 1.5 How the Adoption of Plant Biotechnology has Impacted the Environment 8 1.5.1 Environmental Impacts from Changes in Insecticide and Herbicide Use 8 1.5.2 Impact on GHG Emissions 11 1.6 Conclusions 13 Life Box 1.1 Norman E. Borlaug 14 Life Box 1.2 Mary-Dell Chilton 15 Life Box 1.3 Robert T. Fraley 17 References 19 2. Mendelian Genetics and Plant Reproduction 20Matthew D. Halfhill and Suzanne I. Warwick 2.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 20 2.0.1 Summary 20 2.0.2 Discussion Questions 20 2.1 Overview of Genetics 20 2.2 Mendelian Genetics 23 2.2.1 Law of Segregation 26 2.2.2 Law of Independent Assortment 26 2.3 Mitosis and Meiosis 27 2.3.1 Mitosis 29 2.3.2 Meiosis 29 2.3.3 Recombination 30 2.3.4 Cytogenetic Analysis 31 2.3.5 Mendelian Genetics and Biotechnology Summary 32 2.4 Plant Reproductive Biology 32 2.4.1 History of Research in Plant Reproduction 32 2.4.2 Mating Systems 32 2.4.3 Hybridization and Polyploidy 36 2.4.4 Mating Systems and Biotechnology Summary 38 2.5 Conclusion 38 Life Box 2.1 Richard A. Dixon 39 Life Box 2.2 Michael L. Arnold 40 References 42 3. Plant Breeding 43Nicholas A. Tinker and Elroy R. Cober 3.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 43 3.0.1 Summary 43 3.0.2 Discussion Questions 43 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Central Concepts in Plant Breeding 45 3.2.1 Simple vs. Complex Inheritance 45 3.2.2 Phenotype vs. Genotype 46 3.2.3 Mating Systems, Varieties, Landraces, and Pure Lines 47 3.2.4 Other Topics in Population and Quantitative Genetics 49 3.2.5 The Value of a Plant Variety Depends on Many Traits 51 3.2.6 A Plant Variety Must Be Environmentally Adapted 51 3.2.7 Plant Breeding is a Numbers Game 52 3.2.8 Plant Breeding is an Iterative and Collaborative Process 52 3.2.9 Diversity, Adaptation, and Ideotypes 53 3.2.10 Other Considerations 56 3.3 Objectives in Plant Breeding 56 3.4 Methods of Plant Breeding 57 3.4.1 Methods of Hybridization 58 3.4.2 Self¿Pollinated Species 58 3.4.3 Outcrossing Species 63 3.4.4 Clonally Propagated Species 67 3.5 Breeding Enhancements 68 3.5.1 Doubled Haploidy 68 3.5.2 Marker¿Assisted Selection 68 3.5.3 Mutation Breeding 70 3.5.4 Apomixis 71 3.6 Conclusions 71 Life Box 3.1 Gurdev Singh Khush 72 Life Box 3.2 P. Stephen Baenziger 74 Life Box 3.3 Steven D. Tanksley 75 References 77 4. Plant Development and Physiology 78Glenda E. Gillaspy 4.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 78 4.0.1 Summary 78 4.0.2 Discussion Questions 78 4.1 Plant Anatomy and Morphology 79 4.2 Embryogenesis and Seed Germination 80 4.2.1 Gametogenesis 80 4.2.2 Fertilization 82 4.2.3 Fruit Development 83 4.2.4 Embryogenesis 83 4.2.5 Seed Germination 85 4.2.6 Photomorphogenesis 85 4.3 Meristems 86 4.3.1 Shoot Apical Meristem 86 4.3.2 Root Apical Meristem and Root Development 88 4.4 Leaf Development 89 4.4.1 Leaf Structure 89 4.4.2 Leaf Development Patterns 91 4.5 Flower Development 92 4.5.1 Floral Evocation 92 4.5.2 Floral Organ Identity and the ABC Model 93 4.6 Hormone Physiology and Signal Transduction 94 4.6.1 Seven Plant Hormones and Their Actions 94 4.6.2 Plant Hormone Signal Transduction 96 4.7 Conclusions 100 Life Box 4.1 Deborah Delmer 100 Life Box 4.2 Natasha Raikhel 102 Life Box 4.3 Brenda S.J. Winkel 103 References 105 5. Tissue Culture: The Manipulation of Plant Development 107Vinitha Cardoza 5.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 107 5.0.1 Summary 107 5.0.2 Discussion Questions 107 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 History of Tissue Culture 108 5.3 Media and Culture Conditions 109 5.3.1 Basal Media 109 5.3.2 Growth Regulators 110 5.4 Sterile Technique 111 5.4.1 Clean Equipment 111 5.4.2 Surface Sterilization of Explants 112 5.5 Culture Conditions and Vessels 113 5.6 Culture Types and Their Uses 113 5.6.1 Callus and Somatic Embryo Culture 113 5.6.2 Cell Suspension Cultures 117 5.6.3 Anther/Microspore Culture 119 5.6.4 Protoplast Culture 119 5.6.5 Somatic Hybridization 120 5.6.6 Embryo Culture 120 5.6.7 Meristem Culture 121 5.7 Regeneration Methods of Plants in Culture 121 5.7.1 Organogenesis 121 5.7.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 123 5.7.3 Synthetic Seeds 123 5.8 Rooting of Shoots 123 5.9 Acclimation 124 5.10 Problems that can Occur in Tissue Culture 124 5.10.1 Culture Contamination 124 5.10.2 Hyperhydricity 124 5.10.3 Browning of Explants 124 5.11 Conclusions 125 Acknowledgments 125 Life Box 5.1 Glenn Burton Collins 125 Life Box 5.2 Martha S. Wright 127 Life Box 5.3 Vinitha Cardoza 128 References 129 6. Molecular Genetics of Gene Expression 133Maria Gallo and Alison K. Flynn 6.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 133 6.0.1 Summary 133 6.0.2 Discussion Questions 133 6.1 The Gene 133 6.1.1 DNA Coding for a Protein via the Gene 133 6.1.2 DNA as a Polynucleotide 134 6.2 DNA Packaging into Eukaryotic Chromosomes 134 6.3 Transcription 135 6.3.1 Transcription of DNA to Produce Messenger Ribonucleic Acid 135 6.3.2 Transcription Factors 140 6.3.3 Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression 140 6.3.4 Chromatin as an Important Regulator of Transcription 141 6.3.5 Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Methylation 142 6.3.6 RNA¿Directed Gene Silencing by Small RNAs 143 6.3.7 Processing to Produce Mature mRNA 143 6.4 Translation 144 6.4.1 Initiation of Translation 147 6.4.2 Elongation Phase of Translation 147 6.4.3 Translation Termination 147 6.5 Protein Postranslational Modification 147 Life Box 6.1 Maarten Chrispeels 150 Life Box 6.2 David W. Ow 152 References 154 7. Plant Systems Biology 155Wusheng Liu and C. Neal Stewart, Jr. 7.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 155 7.0.1 Summary 155 7.0.2 Discussion Questions 155 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Defining Plant Systems Biology 157 7.3 Properties of Plant Systems 158 7.4 A Framework of Plant Systems Biology 159 7.4.1 Comprehensive Quantitative Data Sets 160 7.4.2 Network Analysis 161 7.4.3 Dynamic Modeling 161 7.4.4 Exploring Systems and Models Toward Refinement 161 7.5 Disciplines and Enabling Tools of Plant Systems Biology 162 7.5.1 Plant Genomics 162 7.5.2 Plant Transcriptomics 166 7.5.3 Plant Proteomics 168 7.5.4 Plant Metabolomics 170 7.5.5 Bioinformatics 172 7.6 Conclusions 176 Life Box 7.1 C. Robin Buell 177 Life Box 7.2 Zhenbiao Yang 178 References 179 8. Recombinant DNA, Vector Design, and Construction 181Mark D. Curtis and David G.J. Mann 8.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 181 8.0.1 Summary 181 8.0.2 Discussion Questions 181 8.1 DNA Modification 181 8.2 DNA Vectors 186 8.2.1 DNA Vectors for Plant Transformation 188 8.2.2 Components for Efficient Gene Expression in Plants 190 8.3 Greater Demands Lead to Innovation 192 8.3.1 "Modern" Cloning Strategies 192 8.4 Vector Design 197 8.4.1 Vectors for High¿Throughput Functional Analysis 197 8.4.2 Vectors for Gene Down¿Regulation Using RNA Interference (RNAi) 199 8.4.3 Expression Vectors 199 8.4.4 Vectors for Promoter Analysis 200 8.4.5 Vectors Derived from Plant Sequences 201 8.4.6 Vectors for Multigenic Traits 203 8.5 Targeted Transgene Insertions 204 8.6 Prospects 205 Life Box 8.1 Wayne Parrott 206 Life Box 8.2 David Mann 207 References 208 9. Genes and Traits of Interest 211Kenneth L. Korth 9.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 211 9.0.1 Summary 211 9.0.2 Discussion Questions 211 9.1 Introduction 212 9.2 Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomics and other Omics Technologies 212 9.3 Traits for Improved Crop Production Using Transgenics 214 9.3.1 Herbicide Resistance 215 9.3.2 Insect Resistance 218 9.3.3 Pathogen Resistance 220 9.3.4 Traits for Improved Products and Food Quality 222 9.4 Conclusion 227 Life Box 9.1 Dennis Gonsalves 227 Life Box 9.2 Ingo Potrykus 229 References 231 10. Promoters and Marker Genes 233Wusheng Liu, Brian Miki and C. Neal Stewart, Jr. 10.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 233 10.0.1 Summary 233 10.0.2 Discussion Questions 233 10.1 Introduction 234 10.2 Promoters 234 10.2.1 Constitutive Promoters 235 10.2.2 Tissue¿Specific Promoters 236 10.2.3 Inducible Promoters 237 10.2.4 Synthetic Promoters 239 10.3 Marker Genes 239 10.3.1 Selectable Marker Genes 242 10.3.2 Reporter Genes 246 10.4 Marker¿Free Strategies 250 10.5 Conclusions 254 Life Box 10.1 Fredy Altpeter 255 Life Box 10.2 Taniya Dhillon 257 References 259 11. Transgenic Plant Production 262John J. Finer 11.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 262 11.0.1 Summary 262 11.0.2 Discussion Questions 262 11.1 Overview of Plant Transformation 263 11.1.1 Introduction 263 11.1.2 Basic Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plant Cells 263 11.2 Agrobacterium Tumefaciens 265 11.2.1 History of Agrobacterium Research 266 11.2.2 Use of the T¿DNA Transfer Process for Transformation 268 11.2.3 Optimizing Delivery and Broadening the Taxonomical Range of Targets 269 11.2.4 Strain and Cultivar Compatibility 270 11.2.5 Agroinfiltration 271 11.2.6 Arabidopsis Floral Dip (Clough and Bent 1998) 271 11.3 Particle Bombardment 272 11.3.1 History of Particle Bombardment 272 11.3.2 The Fate of the Introduced DNA into Plant Cells 274 11.3.3 The Power and Problems of Direct DNA Introduction 275 11.3.4 Improvements in the Control of Transgene Expression 276 11.4 Other Methods of Transformation 276 11.4.1 The Need for Additional Technologies 276 11.4.2 Protoplasts 277 11.4.3 Whole Tissue Electroporation 278 11.4.4 Silicon Carbide Whiskers 278 11.4.5 Viral Vectors 278 11.4.6 Laser Micropuncture 279 11.4.7 Nanofiber Arrays 279 11.5 The Rush to Publish 280 11.5.1 Controversial Reports of Plant Transformation 280 11.5.2 Criteria to Consider in Judging Novel Plant Transformation Methods 284 11.6 A Look to the Future 286 Life Box 11.1 Ted Klein 286 Life Box 11.2 John Finer 287 Life Box 11.3 Kan Wang 289 References 291 12. Analysis of Transgenic Plants 293C. Neal Stewart, Jr. 12.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives 293 12.0.1 Summary 293 12.0.2 Discussion Questions...