Gyula Klima is a professor of philosophy at Fordham University. He acts as director of the international Society of Medieval Logic and Metaphysics and an executive council member of the American Catholic Philosophical Association since 2003. Klima is the author of ARS ARTIUM: Essays in Philosophical Semantics, Medieval and Modern (1988) and John Buridan: Summulae de Dialectica (2001).

Fritz Allhoff is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Western Michigan University. He has published work in journals including American Journal of Bioethics, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, International Journal of Applied Philosophy, and Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal.

Anand Jayprakash Vaidya is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at San José State University. His research is in Metaphysics & Epistemology, and Philosophy of Mind.

Text Sources and Credits

viii

Acknowledgments

xiii

General Introduction

1(26)

PART I LOGIC AND EPISTEMOLOGY

27(124)

Introduction

27(4)

Philosophy, Theology, Logic, and the Sciences

31(1)

Augustine on Ancient Philosophy

31(12)

Dialetica Monacensis (anonymous, twelfth century) on the Division of Science

43(2)

Thomas Aquinas on the Nature and Scope of Sacred Doctrine

45(14)

The Problem of Universals

59(1)

Boethius Against Real Universals

59(4)

John of Salisbury on the Controversy over Universals

63(3)

The Summa Lamberti on the Properties of Terms

66(5)

William Ockham on Universals

71(8)

John Buridan on the Predicables

79(4)

Illumination vs. Abstraction, and Scientific Knowledge

83(1)

Augustine on Divine Ideas and Illumination

83(4)

Thomas Aquinas on Illumination vs. Abstraction

87(11)

Thomas Aquinas on our Knowledge of the First Principles of Demonstration

98(5)

Henry of Ghent on Divine Illumination

103(7)

Duns Scotus on Divine Illumination

110(7)

Knowledge and Skepticism

117(1)

Augustine on the Certainty of Self-Knowledge

117(3)

Thomas Aquinas on whether the Intellect Can Be False

120(3)

Henry of Ghent on whether a Human Being Can Know Anything

123(11)

Nicholas of Autrecourt on Skepticism about Substance and Causality

134(9)

John Buridan on Scientific Knowledge

143(8)

PART II PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE, PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOUL, METAPHYSICS

151(152)

Introduction

151(6)

Hylomorphism, Causality, Natural Philosophy

157(1)

Thomas Aquinas on the Principles of Nature

157(11)

Thomas Aquinas on the Mixture of Elements

168(3)

Giles of Rome on the Errors of the Philosophers

171(9)

Selections from the Condemnation of 1277

180(10)

John Buridan and the Impetus Theory of Projectile Motion

190(5)

Human Nature and the Philosophy of the Soul

195(1)

Augustine on the Soul

195(3)

Averroes on the Immateriality of the Intellect

198(5)

Siger of Brabant on the Intellective Soul

203(4)

Thomas Aquinas on the Nature and Powers of the Human Soul

207(12)

John Buridan on the Immateriality of the Soul

219(6)

Metaphysics, Existence, and Essence

225(1)

Avicenna on Common Nature

225(2)

Thomas Aquinas on Being and Essence

227(23)

John Buridan on Essence and Existence

250(5)

God's Existence and Essence

255(1)

Augustine on Divine Immutability

255(4)

Anselm of Canterbury on God's Existence

259(7)

Thomas Aquinas on God's Existence and Simplicity

266(37)

PART III PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY

303(79)

Introduction

303(6)

Goodness and Being

309(1)

Augustine on Evil as the Privation of Goodness

309(2)

Augustine on the Origin of Moral Evil

311(7)

Boethius on Being and Goodness

318(4)

Thomas Aquinas on the Convertibility of Being and Goodness

322(3)

Freedom of the Will

325(1)

Augustine on the ``Divided Will''

325(6)

Boethius on Divine Providence and the Freedom of the Will

331(6)

Anselm of Canterbury on Free Will

337(12)

Henry of Ghent on the Primacy of the Will

349(4)

Virtues and Happiness

353(1)

Boethius of Dacia on the Supreme Good

353(5)

Thomas Aquinas on Happiness

358(3)

Divine Law, Natural Law, Positive Law

361(1)

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law and Positive Law

361(14)

John Duns Scotus on Natural Law and Divine Law

375(7)

Suggestions for Further Reading

382(6)

Index

388