The editors

Tom Doherty, MVB, MSc, Dip ACVAA, is Professor (retired) at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Alex Valverde, DVM, DVSc, Dip ACVAA, is Professor at Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Rachel A. Reed, DVM, DACVAA, is Clinical Associate Professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA.

List of Contributors xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xvi 1 Preoperative Evaluation and Patient Preparation 1 The Risk of Equine Anesthesia 1
Tanya Duke-Novakovski Patient Preparation 5
Tanya Duke-Novakovski 2 Serum Chemistry and Hematology 8Carla Sommardahl 3 The Cardiovascular System 19 Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 19
Tamara Grubb Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System 36
Daniel G. Kenney 4 The Respiratory System 50 Anatomy of the Equine Respiratory System 50
Robert Reed Physiology of the Respiratory System 55
Carolyn Kerr Evaluation of the Respiratory System 67
Tom Doherty Airway Management 68
Tom Doherty Tracheostomy 78
Tanner Snowden and Jim Schumacher 5 The Renal System 86Natalie S. Chow 6 Neurophysiology and Neuroanesthesia 98Tanya Duke-Novakovski 7 The Autonomic Nervous System 110Christine Egger 8 Electrolyte and Fluid Therapy 119 Electrolytes 119
Rachel A. Reed Fluid Therapy 125
Christopher K. Smith 9 Acid-Base Physiology 137 Traditional Approach 137
Alex Valverde and Tom Doherty Physicochemical Approach 147
Diego E. Gomez and Alex Valverde 10 Hemostasis and Hemotherapy 155 Hemostasis 155
Kira L. Epstein Hemotherapy 162
Kira L. Epstein 11 Thermoregulation 173Chiara E. Hampton 12 Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Equine Anesthesia 184 Phenothiazines 184
Alicia Skelding Butyrophenones 186
Alicia Skelding ¿2-Adrenergic Agonists 188
Alicia Skelding Opioids 196
Alicia Skelding Trazadone 205
Alicia Skelding Benzodiazepines 206
Alicia Skelding Guaifenesin 209
Alicia Skelding Ketamine 210
Alicia Skelding Tiletamine and Zolazepam (TZ) 213
Alicia Skelding Alfaxalone 214
Alicia Skelding Propofol 216
Alicia Skelding Barbiturates 218
Alicia Skelding Intravenous lidocaine 219
Patricia Queiroz-Williams Horse-related drug Regulations in Europe 222
Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger and Simone K. Ringer 13 Inhalational Anesthetics 223Rachel A. Reed 14 Local Anesthetics 232Catherine M. Creighton and Leigh Lamont 15 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Horses 244Manuel Martin-Flores and Daniel M. Sakai 16 Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Corticosteroids 250 Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 250
Stephanie Kleine Corticosteroids 259
Stephanie Kleine 17 Anesthetic Machines and Equipment 266Rachel A. Reed 18 Positioning the Anesthetized Horse 287Hui Chu Lin 19 Monitoring the Anesthetized Horse 294 Monitoring the Central Nervous System 294
Joanna C. Murrell Cardiovascular Monitoring 300
Alanna N. Johnson Respiratory Monitoring 310
Alanna N. Johnson Anesthetic Agent Monitoring 323
Alanna N. Johnson Monitoring Temperature 324
Chiara E. Hampton Monitoring Neuromuscular Function 328
Manuel Martin-Flores and Daniel M. Sakai 20 Standing Sedation 333Catherine M. Creighton 21 General Anesthesia Techniques 339Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger and Simone K. Ringer 22 Anesthesia of the Head and Neck 352 Anesthesia of the Head 352
Jim Schumacher, John Schumacher, and Ray Wilhite Maxillary Nerve Block in Donkeys 358
Usama Hagag Cervical Plexus Block 363
Luis Campoy 23 Anesthesia of the Eye 369Daniel S. Ward 24 Anesthesia of the Limbs 376Jim Schumacher, John Schumacher, and Ray Wilhite 25 Anesthesia of the Perineum and Testicle 396 Pudendal Nerve Block - Electrostimulation Technique 396
Kirsty Gallacher and Luiz Santos Pudendal Nerve Block - Blind Approach 399
Jim Schumacher Local Anesthesia for Castration 400
Philip D. Jones 26 Anesthesia of the Abdominal Wall 404 Thoracolumbar Paravertebral Block (TPVB) - Electrostimulation Technique 404
Luiz Santos and Kirsty Gallacher Paravertebral Nerve Block - Blind Technique 406
Alex Valverde Transversus Abdominis Plane Block 409
Alex Valverde and Flavio SA. Freitag Caudal Intercostal Block for Abdominal Surgery (CIBAS) 413
Benjamin Gingold 27 Epidural Analgesia and Anesthesia 416Alex Valverde 28 Pathophysiology of Pain 425Rachel A. Reed 29 Pain Recognition in Horses 431Karina B. Gleerup, Casper Lindegaard, and Pia Haubro Andersen 30 Management of Pain 450 The Pharmacologic Approach to Pain Management 450
Rachel A. Reed Rehabilitation Modalities for Acute and Chronic Pain in Horses 456
Tena L. Ursini Equine Acupuncture 462
Neal Valk 31 Anesthesia of Foals 472Tom Doherty and Alex Valverde 32 Anesthesia of Horses with Intestinal Emergencies (Colic) 494Tom Doherty 33 Anesthesia of the Geriatric Horse 501Reza M. Seddighi 34 Anesthesia and Pregnancy 511Lydia Donaldson 35 Anesthesia for Equine Imaging 522Carrie A. Davis 36 Anesthesia of Donkeys and Mules 543 Anatomic, Physiologic, and Behavioral Differences 543
Suzanne L. Burnham Sedation and Anesthesia of Donkeys and Mules 548
Tom Doherty Donkey Pain Assessment Scales 552
Machteld van Dierendonck and Thijs van Loon 37 Remote Capture of Equids 565Nigel Caulkett 38 Complications 573 Intraoperative Hypotension 573
Christopher K. Smith and Tom Doherty Intraoperative Hypertension 580
Tom Doherty Hypoxia and Hypoxemia 582
Rachel A. Reed Hypercarbia 588
Tom Doherty Pulmonary Edema as a Consequence of Airway Obstruction 590
Tom Doherty Endotoxemia 592
Tom Doherty Postanesthetic Myopathy 594
Krista B. Mitchell Neuropathy 599
Rachel A. Reed Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) 604
Alanna N. Johnson and Rachel A. Reed Malignant Hyperthermia 609
Alanna N. Johnson and Rachel A. Reed Delayed Awakening and Recovery 611
Tom Doherty Paraphimosis and Priaprism 614
Meggan Graves and Jim Schumacher Anaphylactic and Anaphylactoid Reactions 621
Rachel A. Reed Intra-carotid and Perivascular Injections 624
Rachel A. Reed Equine Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 627
Genevieve Bussieres 39 Recovery from Anesthesia 633Bernd Driessen 40 Euthanasia 653
Ron Jones and Tom Doherty Index 661