Preface;
Organization of This Book;
Conventions Used in This Book;
Safari® Books Online;
Using Code Examples;
How to Contact Us;
General Principles of Searching For and Using Evidence;
Chapter 1: The Quest for Convincing Evidence;
1.1 In the Beginning;
1.2 The State of Evidence Today;
1.3 Change We Can Believe In;
1.4 The Effect of Context;
1.5 Looking Toward the Future;
1.6 References;
Chapter 2: Credibility, or Why Should I Insist on Being Convinced?;
2.1 How Evidence Turns Up in Software Engineering;
2.2 Credibility and Relevance;
2.3 Aggregating Evidence;
2.4 Types of Evidence and Their Strengths and Weaknesses;
2.5 Society, Culture, Software Engineering, and You;
2.6 Acknowledgments;
2.7 References;
Chapter 3: What We Can Learn from Systematic Reviews;
3.1 An Overview of Systematic Reviews;
3.2 The Strengths and Weaknesses of Systematic Reviews;
3.3 Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering;
3.4 Conclusion;
3.5 References;
Chapter 4: Understanding Software Engineering Through Qualitative Methods;
4.1 What Are Qualitative Methods?;
4.2 Reading Qualitative Research;
4.3 Using Qualitative Methods in Practice;
4.4 Generalizing from Qualitative Results;
4.5 Qualitative Methods Are Systematic;
4.6 References;
Chapter 5: Learning Through Application: The Maturing of the QIP in the SEL;
5.1 What Makes Software Engineering Uniquely Hard to Research;
5.2 A Realistic Approach to Empirical Research;
5.3 The NASA Software Engineering Laboratory: A Vibrant Testbed for Empirical Research;
5.4 The Quality Improvement Paradigm;
5.5 Conclusion;
5.6 References;
Chapter 6: Personality, Intelligence, and Expertise: Impacts on Software Development;
6.1 How to Recognize Good Programmers;
6.2 Individual or Environment;
6.3 Concluding Remarks;
6.4 References;
Chapter 7: Why Is It So Hard to Learn to Program?;
7.1 Do Students Have Difficulty Learning to Program?;
7.2 What Do People Understand Naturally About Programming?;
7.3 Making the Tools Better by Shifting to Visual Programming;
7.4 Contextualizing for Motivation;
7.5 Conclusion: A Fledgling Field;
7.6 References;
Chapter 8: Beyond Lines of Code: Do We Need More Complexity Metrics?;
8.1 Surveying Software;
8.2 Measuring the Source Code;
8.3 A Sample Measurement;
8.4 Statistical Analysis;
8.5 Some Comments on the Statistical Methodology;
8.6 So Do We Need More Complexity Metrics?;
8.7 References;
Specific Topics in Software Engineering;
Chapter 9: An Automated Fault Prediction System;
9.1 Fault Distribution;
9.2 Characteristics of Faulty Files;
9.3 Overview of the Prediction Model;
9.4 Replication and Variations of the Prediction Model;
9.5 Building a Tool;
9.6 The Warning Label;
9.7 References;
Chapter 10: Architecting: How Much and When?;
10.1 Does the Cost of Fixing Software Increase over the Project Life Cycle?;
10.2 How Much Architecting Is Enough?;
10.3 Using What We Can Learn from Cost-to-Fix Data About the Value of Architecting;
10.4 So How Much Architecting Is Enough?;
10.5 Does the Architecting Need to Be Done Up Front?;
10.6 Conclusions;
10.7 References;
Chapter 11: Conway's Corollary;
11.1 Conway's Law;
11.2 Coordination, Congruence, and Productivity;
11.3 Organizational Complexity Within Microsoft;
11.4 Chapels in the Bazaar of Open Source Software;
11.5 Conclusions;
11.6 References;
Chapter 12: How Effective Is Test-Driven Development?;
12.1 The TDD Pill-What Is It?;
12.2 Summary of Clinical TDD Trials;
12.3 The Effectiveness of TDD;
12.4 Enforcing Correct TDD Dosage in Trials;
12.5 Cautions and Side Effects;
12.6 Conclusions;
12.7 Acknowledgments;
12.8 General References;
12.9 Clinical TDD Trial References;
Chapter 13: Why Aren't More Women in Computer Science?;
13.1 Why So Few Women?;
13.2 Should We Care?;
13.3 Conclusion;
13.4 References;
Chapter 14: Two Comparisons of Programming Languages;
14.1 A Language Shoot-Out over a Peculiar Search Algorithm;
14.2 Plat_Forms: Web Development Technologies and Cultures;
14.3 So What?;
14.4 References;
Chapter 15: Quality Wars: Open Source Versus Proprietary Software;
15.1 Past Skirmishes;
15.2 The Battlefield;
15.3 Into the Battle;
15.4 Outcome and Aftermath;
15.5 Acknowledgments and Disclosure of Interest;
15.6 References;
Chapter 16: Code Talkers;
16.1 A Day in the Life of a Programmer;
16.2 What Is All This Talk About?;
16.3 A Model for Thinking About Communication;
16.4 References;
Chapter 17: Pair Programming;
17.1 A History of Pair Programming;
17.2 Pair Programming in an Industrial Setting;
17.3 Pair Programming in an Educational Setting;
17.4 Distributed Pair Programming;
17.5 Challenges;
17.6 Lessons Learned;
17.7 Acknowledgments;
17.8 References;
Chapter 18: Modern Code Review;
18.1 Common Sense;
18.2 A Developer Does a Little Code Review;
18.3 Group Dynamics;
18.4 Conclusion;
18.5 References;
Chapter 19: A Communal Workshop or Doors That Close?;
19.1 Doors That Close;
19.2 A Communal Workshop;
19.3 Work Patterns;
19.4 One More Thing...;
19.5 References;
Chapter 20: Identifying and Managing Dependencies in Global Software Development;
20.1 Why Is Coordination a Challenge in GSD?;
20.2 Dependencies and Their Socio-Technical Duality;
20.3 From Research to Practice;
20.4 Future Directions;
20.5 References;
Chapter 21: How Effective Is Modularization?;
21.1 The Systems;
21.2 What Is a Change?;
21.3 What Is a Module?;
21.4 The Results;
21.5 Threats to Validity;
21.6 Summary;
21.7 References;
Chapter 22: The Evidence for Design Patterns;
22.1 Design Pattern Examples;
22.2 Why Might Design Patterns Work?;
22.3 The First Experiment: Testing Pattern Documentation;
22.4 The Second Experiment: Comparing Pattern Solutions to Simpler Ones;
22.5 The Third Experiment: Patterns in Team Communication;
22.6 Lessons Learned;
22.7 Conclusions;
22.8 Acknowledgments;
22.9 References;
Chapter 23: Evidence-Based Failure Prediction;
23.1 Introduction;
23.2 Code Coverage;
23.3 Code Churn;
23.4 Code Complexity;
23.5 Code Dependencies;
23.6 People and Organizational Measures;
23.7 Integrated Approach for Prediction of Failures;
23.8 Summary;
23.9 Acknowledgments;
23.10 References;
Chapter 24: The Art of Collecting Bug Reports;
24.1 Good and Bad Bug Reports;
24.2 What Makes a Good Bug Report?;
24.3 Survey Results;
24.4 Evidence for an Information Mismatch;
24.5 Problems with Bug Reports;
24.6 The Value of Duplicate Bug Reports;
24.7 Not All Bug Reports Get Fixed;
24.8 Conclusions;
24.9 Acknowledgments;
24.10 References;
Chapter 25: Where Do Most Software Flaws Come From?;
25.1 Studying Software Flaws;
25.2 Context of the Study;
25.3 Phase 1: Overall Survey;
25.4 Phase 2: Design/Code Fault Survey;
25.5 What Should You Believe About These Results?;
25.6 What Have We Learned?;
25.7 Acknowledgments;
25.8 References;
Chapter 26: Novice Professionals: Recent Graduates in a First Software Engineering Job;
26.1 Study Methodology;
26.2 Software Development Task;
26.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Novice Software Developers;
26.4 Reflections;
26.5 Misconceptions That Hinder Learning;
26.6 Reflecting on Pedagogy;
26.7 Implications for Change;
26.8 References;
Chapter 27: Mining Your Own Evidence;
27.1 What Is There to Mine?;
27.2 Designing a Study;
27.3 A Mining Primer;
27.4 Where to Go from Here;
27.5 Acknowledgments;
27.6 References;
Chapter 28: Copy-Paste as a Principled Engineering Tool;
28.1 An Example of Code Cloning;
28.2 Detecting Clones in Software;
28.3 Investigating the Practice of Code Cloning;
28.4 Our Study;
28.5 Conclusions;
28.6 References;
Chapter 29: How Usable Are Your APIs?;
29.1 Why Is It Important to Study API Usability?;
29.2 First Attempts at Studying API Usability;
29.3 If At First You Don't Succeed...;
29.4 Adapting to Different Work Styles;
29.5 Conclusion;
29.6 References;
Chapter 30: What Does 10x Mean? Measuring Variations in Programmer Productivity;
30.1 Individual Productivity Variation in Software Development;
30.2 Issues in Measuring Productivity of Individual Programmers;
30.3 Team Productivity Variation in Software Development;
30.4 References;
Contributors;
Colophon;