David W. Macdonald CBE FRSE is Professor of Wildlife Conservation at the University of Oxford. Founder and Director of Oxford's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), and a Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. In addition to his conservation research, he is heavily involved in the practice and policy of conservation, and is also known through his films and books on wildlife.

Katherine J. Willis is the Tasso Leventis Professor of Biodiversity at the University of Oxford, Director of the Oxford Martin School Biodiversity Institute (BIO) in the Department of Zoology, and a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. She is also an adjunct Professor in Biology at the University of Bergen, Norway. Her work within the Biodiversity Institute falls under three key research areas: biodiversity beyond protected areas; ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for biodiversity; and biodiversity technologies. She is also heavily involved in the development of smartphone and web-based decision support tools to facilitate the transfer of knowledge on biodiversity science and ecosystem services into conservation, management and policy.

Contributors vii

Preface xiii

About the companion website xvii

Part I The framework 1

1 Conservation priorities: identifying need, taking action and evaluating success 3
Andrew S. Pullin, William Sutherland, Toby Gardner, Valerie Kapos and John E. Fa

2 Levels of approach: on the appropriate scales for conservation interventions and planning 23
Jonathan E.M. Baillie, Dav id Raffa elli and Claudio Sillero-Zubiri

3 Five paradigms of collective action underlying the human dimension of conservation 42
Laurent Mermet, Katherine Homewood, Andrew Dobson and Raphaël Billé

4 Economic instruments for nature conservation 59
Christopher B. Barrett, Erwin H. Bulte, Paul Ferraro and Sven Wunder

5 Tackling unsustainable wildlife trade 74
Adam J. Dutton, Brian Gratwicke, Cameron Hepburn, Emilio A. Herrera and Dav id W. Macdonald

6 Leadership and listening: inspiration for conservation mission and advocacy 92
Andrew Gosler, Shonil Bhagwat, Stuart Harrop, Mark Bonta and Sonia Tidemann

7 The human dimension in addressing conflict with large carnivores 110
Amy Dickman, Silvio Marchini and Michael Manfredo

8 Citizen science and nature conservation 127
Jonathan Silvertown, Christina D. Buesching, Susan K. Jacobson and Tony Rebelo

9 Nature as a source of health and well-being: is this an ecosystem service that could pay for conserving biodiversity? 143
Joelene Hughes, Jules Pretty and Dav id W. Macdonald

Part II Habitat case studies 161

10 Ocean conservation: current challenges and future opportunities 163
Alex D. Rogers, Dan Laffoley, Nick Polunin and Derek P. Tittensor

11 Lost in muddy waters: freshwater biodiversity 184
Nic Pacini, David M. Harper, Peter Henderson and Tom LeQuesne

12 Habitat case studies: islands 204
Carolyn King, Mark Lomolino, Gary Roemer and Brendan Godley

13 Conservation of tropical forests: maintaining ecological integrity and resilience 222
Owen T. Lewis, Robert M. Ewers, Margaret D. Lowman and Ya dvinder Malhi

Part III Taxonomic case studies 237

14 A global perspective on conserving butterflies and moths and their habitats 239
Thomas Merckx, Blanca Huertas, Yves Basset and Jeremy Thomas

15 Bird conservation in tropical ecosystems: challenges and opportunities 258
Joseph A. Tobias, Çaðan H. Þekercioðlu and F. Hernan Vargas

16 Conserving large mammals: are they a special case? 277
David W. Macdonald, Luigi Boitani, Eric Dinerstein, HervE Fritz and Richard Wrangham

17 Plant conservation: the seeds of success 313
Timothy Wa lker, Stephen A. Harris and Kingsley W. Dixon

Part IV Safeguarding the future 327

18 The 'why', 'what' and 'how' of monitoring for conservation 329
Julia P.G. Jones, Gregory P. Asner, Stuart H.M. Butchart and K. Ullas Karanth

19 Effective conservation depends upon understanding human behaviour 344
Freya A.V. St John, Aidan M. Keane and Eleanor J. Milner-Gulland

20 Designing effective solutions to conservation planning problems 362
Andrew T. Knight, Ana. S.L. Rodrigues, Niels Strange, Tom Tew and Kerrie A. Wilson

21 Biological corridors and connectivity 384
Samuel A. Cushman, Brad McRae, Frank Adriaensen, Paul Beier, Mark Shirley and Kathy Zeller

22 Righting past wrongs and ensuring the future: challenges and opportunities for effective reintroductions amidst a biodiversity crisis 405
Axel Moehrenschlager, Debra M. Shier, Tom P. Moorhouse and Mark R. Stanley Price

23 Rewilding 430
Chris Sandom, C. Josh Donlan, Jens-Christian Svenning and Dennis Hansen

24 Disease control 452
Peter D. Walsh

Part V A synthesis 467

25 Elephants in the room: tough choices for a maturing discipline 469
David W. Macdonald and Katherine J. Willis

Index 495