Vincent J. DelGatto, [...]. PE, is recent Chair of the IEEE NY Power and Energy and Industrial Applications Societies and co-author of the IEEE-USA Energy Policy Committee "National Energy Policy Recommendations." His experience spans over 40 years in the electric power industry and academia. His work at Con Edison and GE focused on high voltage electromagnetic fields, cost analysis and safety of shared transmission right of way for electric and gas pipelines. He currently consults on the Levelized Full System Costs of Electricity.

Louis Theodore, [...].D., is a retired Professor of Chemical Engineering, having taught for 50 years at Manhattan College. He is the author of several publications, including Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer, Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer, Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations, and Pollution Prevention.

R. Ryan Dupont, Ph.D., is Cazier Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Utah State University and Research Associate at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. He is a Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the author of many research publications and books, including Groundwater and Soil Remediation: Process Design and Cost Estimating of Proven Technologies, Water Resource Management Issues: Basic Principles and Applications, and Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering.

Matthew C. Ogwu, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Goodnight Family Sustainable Development Department at Appalachian State University. He is an interdisciplinary academic with transdisciplinary skills and diverse convergence research interests pertinent to the assessment of coupled human and natural as well as socio-ecological systems and has numerous awards, research grants, and scholarships to his name. Dr. Ogwu serves on the board of and as a reviewer for many peer-reviewed journals. He continues to volunteer his time and skills to promote sustainable development.

Preface xvii Part I Energy Overview 1 1 Glossary of Key Energy Terms 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Importance of Energy Literacy 4 1.3 Glossary 4 1.4 Symbols and Acronyms 42 References 47 2 Introduction to Energy and Energy Issues 48 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Early History of Energy 49 2.3 Later History of Energy 50 2.4 Energy "Emergencies" 50 2.5 Net Energy Analysis 51 2.6 Hydrogen as an Energy/Fuel 53 2.7 The Future 54 References 56 3 Energy Resources 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Coal 58 3.3 Oil 59 3.4 Natural Gas 60 3.5 Shale Oil/Tar Sands 62 3.5.1 Shale Oil 62 3.5.2 Tar Sands 63 3.6 Solar Energy 63 3.6.1 Passive Solar Lighting and Heating 64 3.6.2 Solar Electricity Production 65 3.7 Nuclear Energy 66 3.8 Geothermal Energy 68 3.9 Wind Energy 69 3.10 Hydrokinetic Energy 71 3.10.1 Hydropower 71 3.10.2 Tidal Energy 72 3.10.3 Ocean Thermal Energy 72 3.10.4 Wave Energy 73 3.11 Biomass-Based Fuels 73 References 74 4 Environmental Policy and Regulatory Considerations for Hydrogen Energy 77Marybeth Reynolds 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Opportunities and Benefits for the Emerging Hydrogen Energy Industry 78 4.2.1 The Production of Hydrogen 78 4.2.2 Clean, Green Zero-Carbon Hydrogen 79 4.2.3 Low-Carbon Blue Hydrogen 80 4.2.4 Fuel Cells 80 4.2.5 Hydrogen's Potential Uses in Decarbonization 81 4.2.6 Challenges 81 4.3 Hydrogen Energy Policy Priorities 82 4.3.1 Keep the Focus on Climate Goals and Deploy Hydrogen Strategically 82 4.3.2 Prioritize Equity and Public Health 83 4.3.3 Consider Long-Term Efficiency and Cost 83 4.3.4 Adopt Rigorous Standards and Definitions for Clean Hydrogen 84 4.4 U.S. Federal Energy Policies and Regulatory Frameworks 84 4.4.1 Hydrogen in Historical U.S. Energy Policy 84 4.4.2 Significant Federal Policies and Initiatives Since 2016 85 4.4.2.1 H2@Scale, 2016 85 4.4.2.2 Hydrogen Program Plan, 2020 86 4.4.2.3 Hydrogen Shot, 2021 86 4.4.2.4 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, 2021 87 4.4.2.5 Inflation Reduction Act, 2022 87 4.4.3 Current Federal Regulation of Hydrogen 88 4.5 The Role of the States 91 4.6 Global Hydrogen Energy Policies and Priorities 92 4.6.1 Summary of Hydrogen Strategies in Key Global Markets 92 4.6.2 Policy Priorities to Accelerate a Global Market for Clean Hydrogen 92 4.6.2.1 Establishing Hydrogen Strategies 92 4.6.2.2 Developing and Adopting International Codes and Regulations 93 4.6.2.3 Leveraging Domestic Resources and Export Opportunities 93 4.7 Summary 93 References 93 5 Thermodynamic Considerations 96 5.1 Introduction 96 5.2 Energy Fundamentals and Principles 97 5.2.1 Potential Energy 97 5.2.2 Kinetic Energy 97 5.2.3 Energy Fundamentals 98 5.2.4 Energy Principles 98 5.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 100 5.4 Enthalpy Effects 101 5.4.1 Sensible Enthalpy Effects of Heating 101 5.4.2 Latent Enthalpy Changes 102 5.4.3 Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects 103 5.5 Second Law Calculations 104 5.6 Phase Equilibrium 105 5.7 Stoichiometry 106 5.8 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium 107 5.9 Conservation Laws 108 5.9.1 Conservation of Mass 109 5.9.2 Conservation of Energy 109 5.10 Ideal Gas Law 110 References 112 6 Fuel Cells 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Electrical Units 114 6.3 Fuel Cell Overview 114 6.4 Unit Cells 115 6.4.1 Basic Structure 115 6.4.2 Internal Fuel Cell Process Details 116 6.5 Critical Functions of Cell Components 117 6.6 Fuel Cell Stacking 118 6.6.1 Planar-Bipolar Stacking Fuel Cell (PBSFC) 118 6.6.2 Stacks with Tubular Cells 119 6.7 Fuel Cell Systems 120 6.8 Fuel Cell Types 120 6.8.1 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 123 6.8.1.1 Advantages 123 6.8.1.2 Disadvantages 123 6.8.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 123 6.8.2.1 Advantages 124 6.8.2.2 Disadvantages 124 6.8.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 124 6.8.3.1 Advantages 124 6.8.3.2 Disadvantages 125 6.8.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) 125 6.8.4.1 Advantages 125 6.8.4.2 Disadvantages 125 6.8.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 125 6.8.5.1 Advantages 126 6.8.5.2 Disadvantages 126 6.9 Fuel Cell Characteristics 126 6.10 Overall Advantages/Disadvantages 127 6.11 Batteries 128 6.12 Summary 129 References 130 Part II Select Hydrogen Energy Topics 131 7 Hydrogen Energy Overview 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Early History 135 7.3 Processing 136 7.4 Storage 138 7.4.1 Physical-Based Storage 138 7.4.2 Materials-Based Storage 139 7.5 Transportation and Transmission 139 7.6 Uses 140 7.6.1 Potential Role of Ammonia for Alternative Vehicle Fuel in a Hydrogen Economy 141 7.7 Environmental Issues 142 References 143 8 Government Hydrogen Programs 144 8.1 Introduction 144 8.2 Department of Energy Programs 145 8.3 Other Federal Programs 146 8.4 State Programs 146 8.4.1 California 147 8.4.2 Oregon 147 8.4.3 Washington 148 8.4.4 South Carolina 148 8.5 Tax Incentives 148 8.5.1 ITC for Fuel Cell Property 149 8.5.2 New Qualified Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit 149 8.5.3 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Property Credit 149 8.5.4 Alternative Fuel Credit 150 8.6 Project Financing 150 8.7 Insurance Coverage 151 8.8 Stakeholder Engagement 151 References 152 9 Hydrogen Physical and Chemical Properties 153Onwukaeme Chibuzo Kenneth 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 153 9.2.1 Physical Properties 154 9.2.2 Chemical Properties 156 9.3 Properties of Mixtures 158 9.4 Properties of Hydrogen 159 9.4.1 Chemical and Molecular Properties of Hydrogen 159 9.4.2 Physical Properties of Hydrogen 162 9.5 Hydrogen Isotopes 163 9.6 The Hydrogen Bond 165 9.7 The Quintessential Energy Carrier 166 References 167 10 Hydrogen-Bearing Compounds 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Water 170 10.3 Deuterium 171 10.4 Ammonia 176 10.5 Methane 177 10.6 Other Hydrocarbon Molecules 179 10.6.1 Open-Chain Hydrocarbons 179 10.6.2 The Alkene Series 179 10.6.3 The Alkyne Series 180 10.6.4 Cyclic Hydrocarbons 180 10.6.5 Other Organic Compound Groups 180 10.7 The Alkane Series 180 References 181 11 Hydrogen Production Processes 182 11.1 Introduction 182 11.2 Overview of Hydrogen Production Processes 185 11.3 Fossil Fuels 186 11.4 Water Splitting Production Processes 188 11.4.1 Water Electrolysis Production Process 189 11.4.2 Photoelectrical Hydrogen Production Process 190 11.4.3 Thermochemical Water Splitting Production Process 190 11.5 Biomass Production Processes 191 11.6 Hydrogen Purification 194 11.6.1 Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal 195 11.6.2 Adsorptive Purification 195 11.6.3 Cryogenic Liquid Purification 196 11.6.4 Carbon Monoxide Removal 196 11.7 Hydrogen Laboratory Processes 196 11.8 Emerging Hydrogen Technologies 197 References 198 12 Hydrogen Storage 199 12.1 Introduction 199 12.2 Chemical Industry Storage Options 200 12.2.1 Gas Storage 200 12.2.2 Liquid Storage 200 12.2.3 Tank Details 201 12.2.4 Storage Batteries 201 12.3 Hydrogen Storage Overview 202 12.3.1 Compressed Gas 202 12.3.2 Liquid Storage 202 12.3.3 Underground Storage 202 12.3.4 Metal Hydrides 203 12.3.5 Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers 203 12.4 Gaseous Hydrogen Storage 203 12.4.1 Composite Tanks 203 12.4.2 Glass Microspheres 204 12.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 204 12.5.1 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen 204 12.5.2 Storage as a Constituent in Other Liquids 204 12.5.3 Rechargeable Organic Liquids 205 12.6 Solid Hydrogen Storage 205 12.6.1 Carbon and Other High Surface Area Materials 206 12.6.1.1 Carbon-Based Materials 206 12.6.1.2 Other High Surface Area Materials 206 12.6.2 Rechargeable Metal Hydrides 206 12.6.2.1 Alanates 207 12.6.2.2 Borohydrides 207 12.6.3 Water-Reactive Chemical Hydrides 207 12.6.4 Thermal Chemical Hydrides 207 12.7 The Moon Project 207 12.8 Summary of Hydrogen Storage Strategies 210 References 211 13 Hydrogen Transportation and Transmission 213 13.1 Introduction 213 13.2 Hydrogen Transportation/Transmission Options 214 13.2.1 Motor Carriers 215 13.2.2 Pipelines 215 13.2.3 Ships 215 13.2.4 Trains 216 13.3 Traditional Transportation Options 216 13.3.1 Air Transportation 216 13.3.2 Rail Transportation 218 13.3.3 Water Transportation 218 13.3.4 Highway Transportation 219 13.4 Chemical Industry Transportation Options 219 13.4.1 Transportation of Liquids 219 13.4.2 Transportation of Gases 220 13.5 Hydrogen Transportation: Pipelines 220 13.6 Hydrogen Transportation: Mobile 221 13.7 On-Site Hydrogen Production 222 13.8 Transportation via Chemical Hydrogen Carriers 223 13.9 International/Global Hydrogen Transportation 223 13.10 Regulation Issues 224 13.11 New Hydrogen Transmission Options 226 References 227 14 Hydrogen Conversion 229 14.1 Introduction 229 14.2 Energy Conversion Technical Details 230 14.3 Electric Power Systems 231 14.4 The Grid System 234 14.4.1 Storage Costs Multiply to Achieve 90% Capacity Factor for Large Solar PV 236 14.4.2 Cost of Vogtle 3 and 4 Nuclear is Less than PV with Storage for 90% Capacity Factor 238 14.5 Conversion: The Combustion Process 238 14.6 Conversion: The Fuel Cell Process 240 References 241 15 Hydrogen Uses 243 15.1 Introduction 243 15.2 Power Generation 245 15.3 Transportation 246 15.4 Industry Feedstock 248 15.5 Hydrogen-Containing Feedstock Chemicals 251 15.6 Heating 252 15.7 Energy Storage 253 References 254 16 The Quintessential Hydrogen Byproduct: Potable Water 256 16.1 Introduction 256 16.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 257 16.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 258 16.4 The Desalination Process 259 16.5 Traditional Seawater Desalination Processes 260 16.5.1 Evaporation Processes 260 16.5.2 Reverse Osmosis 261 16.5.3 Crystallization Processes 262 16.6 New Process Options for Potable Water Production 262 16.6.1 System and Method for Obtaining Potable Water from Fossil Fuels 263 16.6.2 System and Method for Obtaining Potable Water Employing Geothermal Energy 264 16.6.3 Water Requirement of Electrolysis 265 16.7 The Theodore Hydrogen Water Byproduct Process 266 References 267 17 Safety Considerations 268 17.1 Introduction 268 17.2 Hydrogen Details 270 17.3 Worker Safety Regulations and Requirements 271 17.4 Site Safety Plans 273 17.5 Chemical Safety Data Sheets 274 17.6 The Hydrogen SDS 280 References 284 Part III Technical Engineering Issues 285 18...