George A. Bray, MD, MACP, MACE, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

Claude Bouchard, PhD, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

Peter T. Katzmarzyk, PhD, FACSM, FTOS, FAHA, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

John P. Kirwan, PhD, Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

Leanne M. Redman, PhD, Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

Philip R. Schauer, MD, Metamor Institute, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Volume One Part 1 History, Definitions, and Prevalence Chapter 1 From Hippocrates to the Obesity Society: A Brief History Chapter 2 Obesity in Art and Literature Chapter 3 Measurement of Total Adiposity, Regional Fat Depots, and Ectopic Fat Chapter 4 Anthropometric Indicators of Adiposity in Relation to the Gold Standards Chapter 5 Worldwide and Regional Prevalence of Obesity Chapter 6 Age, Sex, Ethnicity, and Other Sources of Variation in the Prevalence of Obesity Part 2 Biological Determinants of Obesity Chapter 7 Bioenergetics and Obesity Chapter 8 Mitochondrial Metabolic Inefficiencies in Skeletal Muscle: Implications for Obesity and Weight Loss Chapter 9 Human Experimental Overfeeding Chapter 10 Biology of Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Chapter 11 Genetic Epidemiology and Obesity Chapter 12 Genetic Variation and Obesity Chapter 13 Single Gene Defects and Obesity Chapter 14 Micro and Long RNAs as Regulators in Obesity Chapter 15 Epigenetics and Obesity Chapter 16 The Role of Adipocyte Precursors in Development and Obesity Chapter 17 Small Animal Models of Obesity Chapter 18 Obesity in Nonhuman Primates Chapter 19 The Transcriptome, Proteome, and Metabolome of Obesity Chapter 20 CNS Regulation of Energy Balance Chapter 21 Gastrointestinal Regulation of Energy Balance Chapter 22 Gut Microbiome and Obesity Chapter 23 Sympathetic Nervous System and Obesity Chapter 24 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones and Obesity Chapter 25 Brown, Beige, and White Adipocyte Development Chapter 26 Adipose Tissue Metabolism, Adipokines, and Obesity Chapter 27 Hepatic, Visceral, Pancreatic, and Cardiac Fat Deposition Chapter 28 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Obesity Chapter 29 Resting Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Food, and Obesity Chapter 30 Energy Cost of Exercise, Postexercise Metabolic Rates, and Obesity Chapter 31 Energy Partitioning, Substrate Oxidation Rates, and Obesity Chapter 32 COVID-19, Other Microbial Infections, and Obesity Part 3 Behavioral Determinants of Obesity Chapter 33 Obesity and Dietary Intake Chapter 34 Beverages and Obesity: A Review of Current Scientific Evidence Chapter 35 Obesity and Sedentary Time at Work and Home Chapter 36 Leisure Time Physical Activity and Obesity Chapter 37 Role of Early Life Nutrition & Breastfeeding on Obesity Development Chapter 38 Tobacco Use, Marijuana Use, Vaping, and Obesity Chapter 39 Sleep and Obesity Chapter 40 Eating Disorders and Obesity Part 4 Environmental, Social, and Cultural Determinants of Obesity Chapter 41 The Role of the Food Industry in Obesity Chapter 42 Transportation Policies and Obesity Chapter 43 Urban Environment and Obesity Chapter 44 Social and Economic Factors Related to Obesity Across the Globe Chapter 45 Influence of Culture on Obesity Chapter 46 Environmental Chemicals and Obesity Part 5 Consequences of Obesity Chapter 47 Obesity and Mortality Chapter 48 Obesity and Heart Disease Chapter 49 Obesity and Hypertension Chapter 50 Obesity and Lipoprotein Metabolism Chapter 51 Obesity and Insulin Resistance Chapter 52 Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Chapter 53 Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Chapter 54 Obesity and Cancer Chapter 55 Obesity and Inflammation Chapter 56 Obesity, Gallbladder, and Gastrointestinal Diseases Chapter 57 Obesity and Liver Diseases Chapter 58 Obesity, Lung Function, and Lung Disease Chapter 59 Obesity and Gout Chapter 60 Obesity, Osteoarthritis, and Bone Disorders Chapter 61 Obesity and Cognitive Decline Chapter 62 Obesity, Mental Health, and Health-related Quality of Life Chapter 63 Obesity and Reproductive Dysfunction Chapter 64 Obesity in Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes Chapter 65 Obesity, Growth, Development, Metabolic Disorder, and Insulin Resistance in Pediatrics Chapter 66 Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity Volume Two Part 1 Prevention and Economic Outcomes of Obesity Chapter 1 Dietary Changes in Human Evolution: Implications for the Prevention of Obesity Chapter 2 Evolutionary Changes in Physical Activity, Diet, and Energy Expenditure: Implications for the Prevention of Obesity Chapter 3 Prevention of Obesity in Adults Chapter 4 The Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents Chapter 5 Re-engineering the Built Environment: Progress in Schools, Worksites, Neighborhoods, and Communities Chapter 6 The Economic Costs of Obesity Chapter 7 Cost-effectiveness of Obesity Prevention and Treatment Chapter 8 Role of Government and Non-Government Organizations in the Obesity Pandemic and Its Prevention Chapter 9 Role of Reimbursement in the Delivery of Treatment for Obesity in Adults and Children Part 2 Evaluation of the Patients with Overweight or Obesity Chapter 10 Classification, Evaluation, and Staging of the Patient with Obesity Chapter 11 Indicators of Central Adiposity: A Critical Evaluation of Their Usefulness Chapter 12 Genetic Obesity Syndromes Chapter 13 Ethnic and Racial Considerations in the Evaluation of the Patient with Obesity Part 3 Lifestyle in the Management of Obesity: Behavioral Modification, Diet, and Exercise Chapter 14 Best Practices: Obesity and the Primary Care Providers Chapter 15 In-person Behavioral Approaches for Weight Management Chapter 16 Behavioral Interventions Delivered Remotely Chapter 17 Cultural Considerations in Behavioral Therapy for Management of Obesity Chapter 18 Diet Composition and Weight Loss: Is a Calorie a Calorie? Chapter 19 Circadian Rhythms and Weight Loss: Timed Food Intake Chapter 20 Comparison of Modern-Millennial Diets Chapter 21 Dietary Energy Density and Its Contribution to Weight Control Chapter 22 Dietary Patterns as a Basis for Diet Selection Chapter 23 Physical Activity and Weight Loss: Volume, Intensity, and Mode Chapter 24 Modifying Sedentary Behavior for the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity Chapter 25 Preventing Weight Regain After Weight Loss Chapter 26 Personalized and Precision Nutrition in the Management of Obesity: Can We Tailor the Treatment to the Patient? Part 4 Medications in the Management of Obesity Chapter 27 Drug-associated Weight Gain and Clinical Alternatives Chapter 28 Mechanisms of Drug Action in Obesity Chapter 29 Metabolic Effects of Progressive Weight Loss Chapter 30 Older Drugs Used to Manage Obesity: Sympathomimetics and Orlistat Chapter 31 Serotonergic Drugs for Treating Obesity Chapter 32 Antidiabetic Drugs that Reduce Weight and Are Cardioprotective Chapter 33 Approved Combination Agents: Phentermine/Topiramate Chapter 34 Approved Combination Agents: Naltrexone-Bupropion Chapter 35 Drugs That Affect Body Weight: The Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists Chapter 36 Hydrogels in the Treatment of Obesity Chapter 37 Dual and Triple-Action Peptides Chapter 38 Antiobesity Medications on the Horizon Chapter 39 Treatments for Rare Forms of Genetic Obesity Chapter 40 Special Issues in Using Medications in Children & Adolescents Chapter 41 Dietary Supplements and Weight Management Part 5 Surgical Interventions for Obesity Chapter 42 Historical Overview of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Chapter 43 Overview: Current Metabolic Operations and Long-term Outcomes Chapter 44 Effects of Metabolic Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Chapter 45 Cardiovascular Outcomes in Metabolic Surgery Chapter 46 Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Cancer Chapter 47 Bariatric Surgery in Pediatric Patients Chapter 48 Other Bariatric Procedures: Nerve Stimulation, Gastric Balloons, Intestinal Liners, and Others