Work with backend technologies, including Node.js, PHP, web services, and databases

· ... Foreword ... 23

· ... Preface ... 25

· ... Intended Audience ... 26

· ... Structure of the Book ... 26

· ... How Should I Read This Book? ... 26

· ... Acknowledgments ... 27

· 1 ... Understanding the Basics ... 29

· 1.1 ... Terminology ... 29

· 1.2 ... Structure of Web Applications ... 32

· 1.3 ... Full Stack Development ... 36

· 1.4 ... Tools for Full Stack Developers ... 42

· 1.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 50

· 2 ... Structuring Web Pages with HTML ... 51

· 2.1 ... Introduction ... 51

· 2.2 ... Using the Most Important Elements ... 56

· 2.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 77

· 3 ... Designing Web Pages with CSS ... 79

· 3.1 ... Introduction ... 79

· 3.2 ... Applying Colors and Text Formatting ... 91

· 3.3 ... Lists and Tables ... 103

· 3.4 ... Understanding the Different Layout Systems ... 112

· 3.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 129

· 4 ... Making Web Pages Interactive with JavaScript ... 133

· 4.1 ... Introduction ... 133

· 4.2 ... Variables, Constants, Data Types, and Operators ... 140

· 4.3 ... Using Control Structures ... 144

· 4.4 ... Functions and Error Handling ... 147

· 4.5 ... Objects and Arrays ... 151

· 4.6 ... Summary and Outlook ... 154

· 5 ... Using Web Protocols ... 157

· 5.1 ... Hypertext Transfer Protocol ... 157

· 5.2 ... Bidirectional Communication ... 174

· 5.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 178

· 6 ... Using Web Formats ... 181

· 6.1 ... Data Formats ... 182

· 6.2 ... Image Formats ... 193

· 6.3 ... Video and Audio Formats ... 199

· 6.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 204

· 7 ... Using Web APIs ... 207

· 7.1 ... Changing Web Pages Dynamically Using the DOM API ... 208

· 7.2 ... Loading Data Synchronously via Ajax and the Fetch API ... 218

· 7.3 ... Other Web APIs ... 223

· 7.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 227

· 8 ... Optimizing Websites for Accessibility ... 229

· 8.1 ... Introduction ... 229

· 8.2 ... Making Components of a Website Accessible ... 236

· 8.3 ... Testing Accessibility ... 254

· 8.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 258

· 9 ... Simplifying CSS with CSS Preprocessors ... 261

· 9.1 ... Introduction ... 261

· 9.2 ... Using Sass ... 264

· 9.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 285

· 10 ... Implementing Single-Page Applications ... 287

· 10.1 ... Introduction ... 287

· 10.2 ... Setup ... 290

· 10.3 ... Components: The Building Blocks of a React Application ... 293

· 10.4 ... Styling Components ... 298

· 10.5 ... Component Hierarchies ... 302

· 10.6 ... Forms ... 307

· 10.7 ... The Context API ... 310

· 10.8 ... Routing ... 314

· 10.9 ... Summary and Outlook ... 316

· 11 ... Implementing Mobile Applications ... 319

· 11.1 ... The Different Types of Mobile Applications ... 319

· 11.2 ... Responsive Design ... 326

· 11.3 ... Cross-Platform Development with React Native ... 338

· 11.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 349

· 12 ... Understanding and Using Web Architectures ... 351

· 12.1 ... Layered Architectures ... 352

· 12.2 ... Monoliths and Distributed Architectures ... 358

· 12.3 ... MV* Architectures ... 367

· 12.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 371

· 13 ... Using Programming Languages on the Server Side ... 373

· 13.1 ... Types of Programming Languages ... 374

· 13.2 ... Programming Paradigms ... 378

· 13.3 ... What Are the Programming Languages? ... 385

· 13.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 395

· 14 ... Using JavaScript on the Server Side ... 399

· 14.1 ... JavaScript on Node.js ... 399

· 14.2 ... Using the Integrated Modules ... 409

· 14.3 ... Implementing a Web Server ... 413

· 14.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 423

· 15 ... Using the PHP Language ... 425

· 15.1 ... Introduction to the PHP Language ... 425

· 15.2 ... Installing PHP and the Web Server Locally ... 425

· 15.3 ... Variables, Data Types, and Operators ... 427

· 15.4 ... Using Control Structures ... 435

· 15.5 ... Functions and Error Handling ... 439

· 15.6 ... Using Classes and Objects ... 445

· 15.7 ... Developing Dynamic Websites with PHP ... 450

· 15.8 ... Summary and Outlook ... 460

· 16 ... Implementing Web Services ... 463

· 16.1 ... Introduction ... 463

· 16.2 ... SOAP ... 465

· 16.3 ... REST ... 471

· 16.4 ... GraphQL ... 488

· 16.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 493

· 17 ... Storing Data in Databases ... 495

· 17.1 ... Relational Databases ... 496

· 17.2 ... Non-Relational Databases ... 518

· 17.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 524

· 18 ... Testing Web Applications ... 527

· 18.1 ... Automated Tests ... 527

· 18.2 ... Test Coverage ... 537

· 18.3 ... Test Doubles ... 539

· 18.4 ... Summary and Outlook ... 544

· 19 ... Deploying and Hosting Web Applications ... 547

· 19.1 ... Introduction ... 547

· 19.2 ... Container Management ... 557

· 19.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 569

· 20 ... Securing Web Applications ... 571

· 20.1 ... Vulnerabilities ... 572

· 20.2 ... Encryption and Cryptography ... 579

· 20.3 ... Same-Origin Policies, Content Security Policies, and Cross-Origin Resource Sharing ... 584

· 20.4 ... Authentication ... 593

· 20.5 ... Summary and Outlook ... 597

· 21 ... Optimizing the Performance of Web Applications ... 599

· 21.1 ... Introduction ... 599

· 21.2 ... Options for Optimization ... 609

· 21.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 627

· 22 ... Organizing and Managing Web Projects ... 631

· 22.1 ... Types of Version Control Systems ... 632

· 22.2 ... The Git Version Control System ... 635

· 22.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 648

· 23 ... Managing Web Projects ... 651

· 23.1 ... Classic Project Management versus Agile Project Management ... 651

· 23.2 ... Agile Project Management Based on Scrum ... 654

· 23.3 ... Summary and Outlook ... 665

· ... Appendices ... 669

· A ... HTTP ... 669

· B ... HTML Elements ... 691

· C ... Tools and Command References ... 703

· D ... Conclusion ... 715

· E ... The Author ... 717

· ... Index ... 719