Dr. William Stallings has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer security, computer networking, and computer architecture. He has authored 18 textbooks, and, counting revised editions, a total of 70 books on various aspects of these subjects. His writings have appeared in numerous ACM and IEEE publications, including the Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM Computing Reviews. He has 13 times received the award for the best computer science textbook of the year from the Text and Academic Authors Association.

In over 30 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor, technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology firms. He has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and OSI-based protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. Currently, he is an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms, and leading-edge government research institutions.

He created and maintains the Computer Science Student Resource Site at ComputerScie [...] This site provides documents and links on a variety of subjects of general interest to computer science students (and professionals). He is a member of the editorial board of Cryptologia, a scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of cryptology.

Dr. Stallings holds a Ph.D. from M.I.T. in Computer Science and a B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.

Preface xxi

PART I MODERN NETWORKING 3

Chapter 1: Elements of Modern Networking 4

1.1 The Networking Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 Example Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A Global Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A Typical Network Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Applications of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Ethernet Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.4 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Applications of Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Wi-Fi Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.5 4G/5G Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

First Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Second Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Third Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Fourth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Fifth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.6 Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Cloud Computing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

The Benefits of Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Cloud Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Cloud Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.7 Internet of Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Things on the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Layers of the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.8 Network Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.9 Unified Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1.10 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Chapter 2: Requirements and Technology 38

2.1 Types of Network and Internet Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Elastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Inelastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Real-Time Traffic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.2 Demand: Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Mobile Traffic . . . . . . 45

Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Mobile Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.3 Requirements: QoS and QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.4 Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Elements of a Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

2.5 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Effects of Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Congestion Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

2.6 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Network Functions Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2.7 Modern Networking Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

2.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

PART II SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS 75

Chapter 3: SDN: Background and Motivation 76

3.1 Evolving Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Demand Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Supply Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Traffic Patterns Are More Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Traditional Network Architectures are Inadequate . . . . . . . . . 79

3.2 The SDN Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

SDN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . 85

3.3 SDN- and NFV-Related Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Standards-Developing Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Industry Consortia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Open Development Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

3.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Chapter 4: SDN Data Plane and OpenFlow 92

4.1 SDN Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Data Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Data Plane Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.2 OpenFlow Logical Network Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Flow Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Flow Table Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

The Use of Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Group Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

4.3 OpenFlow Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Chapter 5: SDN Control Plane 112

5.1 SDN Control Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Control Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Southbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.2 ITU-T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

5.3 OpenDaylight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

OpenDaylight Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

OpenDaylight Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.4 REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

REST Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Example REST API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.5 Cooperation and Coordination Among Controllers . . . . . . . . 133

Centralized Versus Distributed Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

High-Availability Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Federated SDN Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Border Gateway Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Routing and QoS Between Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Using BGP for QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

IETF SDNi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

OpenDaylight SNDi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chapter 6: SDN Application Plane 144

6.1 SDN Application Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Network Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

6.2 Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Abstractions in SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Frenetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

6.3 Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

PolicyCop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

6.4 Measurement and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

6.5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

OpenDaylight DDoS Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

6.6 Data Center Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Big Data over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Cloud Networking over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

6.7 Mobility and Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.8 Information-Centric Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Use of an Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

PART III VIRTUALIATION 175

Chapter 7: Network Functions Virtualization: Concepts and Architecture 176

7.1 Background and Motivation for NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

7.2 Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

The Virtual Machine Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Architectural Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Container Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

7.3 NFV Concepts...