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FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Explore the theory, research, and practice of forensic psychology with this collection of resources from recognized leaders in the field
The newly revised Third Edition of Forensic Psychology delivers insightful coverage of the theory and applications of forensic psychology. The book combines authoritative scholarship with an unprecedented breadth of international coverage and constitutes an essential resource for all aspects of contemporary forensic and criminal psychology.
The new edition addresses issues of equality, diversity, and inclusion in each section, as well as the uses and abuses of power in forensic contexts. The book takes a constructively critical approach to the dominant theories, policy, and practices of today, as opposed to being merely descriptive, and considers new and developing areas, like the prevention of sexual violence at universities.
Forensic Psychology comprehensively addresses the application of modern forensic techniques and practices to the civil and criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom. Each chapter concludes with some specific suggestions for further reading. Additionally, readers will enjoy the inclusion of a wide variety of topics, like:
* A thorough discussion of investigative and clinical practice, including the politics of forensic psychology, offender profiling, eyewitness testimony, and jury decision making
* An examination of clinical and risk assessments, including reviews of the key legal issues and principles involved in risk assessments, the role of structured instruments and protocols, and coverage of actuarial and structured clinical methods
* Discussions of working with criminalized populations in prisons and forensic mental health facilities
* A treatment of psychology in the courts with an emphasis on the courts of England and Wales
Perfect for graduate level students in forensic psychology courses, Forensic Psychology will also earn a place in the libraries of qualified forensic psychologist practitioners and postgraduate students seeking to improve their understanding of forensic psychology with a high-quality international textbook underpinned by considerations of human rights and ethical standards.
Explore the theory, research, and practice of forensic psychology with this collection of resources from recognized leaders in the field
The newly revised Third Edition of Forensic Psychology delivers insightful coverage of the theory and applications of forensic psychology. The book combines authoritative scholarship with an unprecedented breadth of international coverage and constitutes an essential resource for all aspects of contemporary forensic and criminal psychology.
The new edition addresses issues of equality, diversity, and inclusion in each section, as well as the uses and abuses of power in forensic contexts. The book takes a constructively critical approach to the dominant theories, policy, and practices of today, as opposed to being merely descriptive, and considers new and developing areas, like the prevention of sexual violence at universities.
Forensic Psychology comprehensively addresses the application of modern forensic techniques and practices to the civil and criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom. Each chapter concludes with some specific suggestions for further reading. Additionally, readers will enjoy the inclusion of a wide variety of topics, like:
* A thorough discussion of investigative and clinical practice, including the politics of forensic psychology, offender profiling, eyewitness testimony, and jury decision making
* An examination of clinical and risk assessments, including reviews of the key legal issues and principles involved in risk assessments, the role of structured instruments and protocols, and coverage of actuarial and structured clinical methods
* Discussions of working with criminalized populations in prisons and forensic mental health facilities
* A treatment of psychology in the courts with an emphasis on the courts of England and Wales
Perfect for graduate level students in forensic psychology courses, Forensic Psychology will also earn a place in the libraries of qualified forensic psychologist practitioners and postgraduate students seeking to improve their understanding of forensic psychology with a high-quality international textbook underpinned by considerations of human rights and ethical standards.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Explore the theory, research, and practice of forensic psychology with this collection of resources from recognized leaders in the field
The newly revised Third Edition of Forensic Psychology delivers insightful coverage of the theory and applications of forensic psychology. The book combines authoritative scholarship with an unprecedented breadth of international coverage and constitutes an essential resource for all aspects of contemporary forensic and criminal psychology.
The new edition addresses issues of equality, diversity, and inclusion in each section, as well as the uses and abuses of power in forensic contexts. The book takes a constructively critical approach to the dominant theories, policy, and practices of today, as opposed to being merely descriptive, and considers new and developing areas, like the prevention of sexual violence at universities.
Forensic Psychology comprehensively addresses the application of modern forensic techniques and practices to the civil and criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom. Each chapter concludes with some specific suggestions for further reading. Additionally, readers will enjoy the inclusion of a wide variety of topics, like:
* A thorough discussion of investigative and clinical practice, including the politics of forensic psychology, offender profiling, eyewitness testimony, and jury decision making
* An examination of clinical and risk assessments, including reviews of the key legal issues and principles involved in risk assessments, the role of structured instruments and protocols, and coverage of actuarial and structured clinical methods
* Discussions of working with criminalized populations in prisons and forensic mental health facilities
* A treatment of psychology in the courts with an emphasis on the courts of England and Wales
Perfect for graduate level students in forensic psychology courses, Forensic Psychology will also earn a place in the libraries of qualified forensic psychologist practitioners and postgraduate students seeking to improve their understanding of forensic psychology with a high-quality international textbook underpinned by considerations of human rights and ethical standards.
Explore the theory, research, and practice of forensic psychology with this collection of resources from recognized leaders in the field
The newly revised Third Edition of Forensic Psychology delivers insightful coverage of the theory and applications of forensic psychology. The book combines authoritative scholarship with an unprecedented breadth of international coverage and constitutes an essential resource for all aspects of contemporary forensic and criminal psychology.
The new edition addresses issues of equality, diversity, and inclusion in each section, as well as the uses and abuses of power in forensic contexts. The book takes a constructively critical approach to the dominant theories, policy, and practices of today, as opposed to being merely descriptive, and considers new and developing areas, like the prevention of sexual violence at universities.
Forensic Psychology comprehensively addresses the application of modern forensic techniques and practices to the civil and criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom. Each chapter concludes with some specific suggestions for further reading. Additionally, readers will enjoy the inclusion of a wide variety of topics, like:
* A thorough discussion of investigative and clinical practice, including the politics of forensic psychology, offender profiling, eyewitness testimony, and jury decision making
* An examination of clinical and risk assessments, including reviews of the key legal issues and principles involved in risk assessments, the role of structured instruments and protocols, and coverage of actuarial and structured clinical methods
* Discussions of working with criminalized populations in prisons and forensic mental health facilities
* A treatment of psychology in the courts with an emphasis on the courts of England and Wales
Perfect for graduate level students in forensic psychology courses, Forensic Psychology will also earn a place in the libraries of qualified forensic psychologist practitioners and postgraduate students seeking to improve their understanding of forensic psychology with a high-quality international textbook underpinned by considerations of human rights and ethical standards.
Über den Autor
David A. Crighton is Hon. Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University. He was formally Deputy Chief Psychologist in the UK Ministry of Justice. He is a past Chair of the BPS Expert Witness Advisory Group and a past Secretary and Treasurer of the British Psychological Society, Division of Forensic Psychology.
Graham J. Towl is Professor of Forensic Psychology, Durham University and visiting Clinical Professor, University of Newcastle. He was formally the Chief Psychologist at the Ministry of Justice, UK, and uniquely is the recipient of BPS awards for Distinguished Contributions to Professional practice and forensic academic knowledge. His research interests are wide currently including suicide in prisons and sexual violence at universities.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
List of Contributors xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton
Justice 4
Expert Controversies 6
Human Rights and Ethics 7
Developmental Perspectives 8
Investigation and Prosecution Issues 10
Psychological Assessment 11
Critical Psychology 12
Substance Use 13
Early Intervention 13
Justice Restored 15
Note 15
Further Reading 16
References 16
Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Legal
Chapter 2 Offender Profiling 21
David A. Crighton
Introduction 22
Historical Development 22
Approaches to Offender Profiling 25
Criminal investigative analysis 25
Crime action profiling 25
Investigative psychology 26
The Development of Offender Profiling 26
Current Evidence on Accuracy 30
Conclusions 31
Notes 32
Further Reading 32
References 33
Chapter 3 Eyewitness Testimony 36
Lorraine Hope and Ryan J. Fitzgerald
Eyewitness Identification Performance 37
The Witnessed Event 39
Witness factors 39
Super-recognisers 40
Perpetrator factors 40
Situational factors 42
Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 43
Retention interval 43
Post-event misinformation 44
Intermediate Recognition Tasks 45
Mugshots 45
Composite production 45
The identification task 46
Pre-lineup instructions 46
Lineup composition 46
Investigator bias 47
Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements 48
Post-identification feedback 49
Is confidence related to accuracy? 49
Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? 50
Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 51
The Eyewitness in Court 53
Conclusions 54
Further Reading 54
References 55
Chapter 4 Jury Decision-making 66
Andreas Kapardis 66
Introduction: The Jury Idea 67
The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 68
Arguments Against Jury Trials 69
Arguments in Favour of Jury Trials 70
Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 71
Archival research 71
Questionnaire surveys 71
Mock juries 72
Shadow juries 73
Post-trial juror interviews 73
Books by ex-jurors 74
Selecting Jurors 74
Pre-Trial Publicity 75
The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics 76
Juror Competence 78
Comprehending evidence 78
Understanding and following the judge's instructions/the jury charge 79
The Jury Foreperson 79
Jury Deliberation 80
Small Juries 81
Defendant Characteristics 82
Victim/Plaintiff Characteristics 82
Lawyer and Judge Characteristics 82
Courtroom Design 83
Hung Juries 83
Models of Jury Decision-making 83
Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems 84
Alternatives to Trial by Jury 84
Conclusions 85
Notes 86
Further Reading 87
References 87
Chapter 5 Jury Decision-making in Rape Trials: An Attitude Problem? 94
Dominic Willmott, Daniel Boduszek, Agata Debowska and Lara Hudspith
Introduction 95
Case study--The girl of Qatif 96
Rape and Sexual Offences in the Criminal Justice System 97
The prevalence of sexual victimisation 98
Rape complaints and attrition 98
Jury acquittals at trial 100
Jury Decision-making within Rape Trials 101
Arguments against retaining juries in rape trials 102
Arguments in favour of retaining juries in rape trials 102
Juror Bias and Pre-trial Attitudes 103
Rape myths: Definitions and research 104
Common rape myth beliefs 104
Rape myths and jury decision-making: The empirical evidence 105
Methodological considerations 109
Mock jury trial methodological considerations 110
Solutions and reforms 110
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
References 113
Chapter 6 Psychology in the Courts 120
David A. Crighton
Introduction 121
Systems of Justice 123
The System of Courts 124
The courts in England and Wales 124
Magistrates' courts 124
Youth courts 124
The Crown Court 125
The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 125
The County Court 125
The Family Court 125
The High Court 125
The Courts in Scotland 126
Justice of the Peace Courts 126
Sheriff Courts 126
Sheriff Appeal Court 126
The High Court of Justiciary 126
The Court of Session 126
The Courts in Northern Ireland 127
Magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings) 127
The Crown Court 127
The Court of Appeal 127
County Courts 127
The High Court 127
The UK Supreme Court 128
Some Other UK Courts and Tribunals 128
Court Martial 128
Coroners Courts and fatal accident inquiries 128
The Parole Boards 129
Mental Health Tribunals 129
Contributions of Psychology 129
Legal Process 131
Psychologists' Evidence in Court 132
Giving Evidence 135
Conclusions 136
Notes 137
Further Reading 137
References 138
Part 2 Forensic Psychology: Clinical
Chapter 7 Clinical Assessment 143
David A. Crighton
Conceptual Issues in Assessment 144
Classification 145
Dimensional approaches 147
Diagnosis and formulation 148
Assessment 148
Hypothesis formulation 148
Psychodynamic theory 151
Cognitive behavioural theory 152
Systemic theory 153
Social inequalities theory 153
Integrative theories 154
Data Gathering 155
Interviews 156
Psychometric assessments 157
Data Analysis 158
Reliability 158
Validity 159
Criterion-related validity 159
Content validity 159
Construct validity 159
Specificity, sensitivity and power 160
Single case analysis 160
Clinical Judgements and Biases 161
Conclusions 162
Notes 163
Further Reading 163
References 164
Chapter 8 Risk Assessment 166
David A. Crighton
Key Legal Issues 167
Key Principles in Risk Assessment 168
Approaches to risk assessment 169
Risk Assessment Instruments 171
Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 175
Acceptable risk and rare catastrophic failures 179
Conclusions 181
Notes 182
Further Reading 183
References 184
Chapter 9 Psychology in Prisons 187
David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl
The Development of Psychology in Prisons 188
Developments in England and Wales 192
What Psychologists Do in Corrections 193
Legal 193
Clinical 195
Teaching and training 197
Research and development 198
The future 198
Conclusions 200
Notes 202
Further Reading 203
References 203
Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health and Social Care 207
Phil Willmot and Elizabeth Utting
Introduction 208
Forensic Psychology in Mental Health 208
The legal framework 209
Practical issues 210
Cultural issues 210
Evidence Base 211
Forensic Psychology in Social Care 213
The legal framework 213
Contributions of forensic psychology to social care 214
Systemic issues 215
Discussion 216
Further Reading 217
References 218
Chapter 11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 221
Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Yong Lin Huang, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine
The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 222
Genetics 223
Neuroimaging 224
Neurology 226
Neuropsychology 228
Verbal and spatial intelligence 228
Executive functioning 229
Biological versus social influences 231
Psychophysiology 231
Heart rate 232
Skin conductance 232
Electroencephalogram and event-related potentials 234
Endocrinology 236
Moral Development 236
Nutrition 238
Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 239
Lie detection 240
Legal and judicial process 241
Assessment 241
Diagnostic identification 241
Treatment 242
Intervention 243
Dangerousness and risk prediction 243
Conclusions 244
Further Reading 244
References 245
Chapter 12 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 263
David P. Farrington
Introduction 264
Risk-focused prevention 265
What is a risk factor? 265
Cost-benefit analysis 266
Family-based Prevention 266
Home visiting programmes 267
Parent management training 268
Other parenting interventions 269
Multi-systemic therapy 270
School-based Prevention 271
Pre-school programmes 271
School programmes 272
Anti-bullying programmes 274
Peer Programmes 275
Skills Training 276
Communities That Care 278
Recent UK Developments 279
Conclusions 280
Further Reading 283
References 283
Chapter 13 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 294
David P. Farrington
Introduction 295
Individual Factors 300
Temperament and personality 300
Hyperactivity and impulsivity 301
Low intelligence and attainment 302
Low empathy 303
Family Factors 304
Child-rearing 304
Teenage mothers and child abuse 306
Parental conflict and disrupted families 307
Criminal parents 309
Large family size 310
Social Factors 311
Socio-economic deprivation 311
Peer influences 312
School influences 313
Community influences 314
Conclusions 316
Further Reading 317
References 318
Chapter 14 Desistance from Crime 330
Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington
Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 331
Social predictors of desistance 331
Employment 332
Marriage 333
Peers 335
Military 336
Religion and Spirituality 336
Substance Use 337
Cognitive predictors of desistance 337
The role of identity change in the desistance process 339
The interaction between social and cognitive factors 340
Genetic Factors and Desistance 341
Summary 342
Conclusions 342
Policy relevance of desistance research 342
Next steps in desistance research 343
Further Reading 344
References 345
Chapter 15 Crisis Negotiation 350
David A. Crighton
Development of Crisis Negotiation 351
Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 352
Types of critical incidents 352
To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 354
Goals of Crisis Negotiation 355
Calming the situation 355
Process of crisis negotiation 355
Communication and rapport building 356
Listening 356
Showing empathy 357
Building rapport 357
Developing influence 357
Gathering intelligence 358
Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 358
Crisis Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 360
The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 361
The Experience of Hostages 361
Crisis Negotiation--The Evidence 362
Conclusions 365
Notes 366
Further Reading 366
References 367
Chapter 16 Terrorism 371
Orla Lynch
Introduction 372
Key Issues--Defining Terrorism...
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton
Justice 4
Expert Controversies 6
Human Rights and Ethics 7
Developmental Perspectives 8
Investigation and Prosecution Issues 10
Psychological Assessment 11
Critical Psychology 12
Substance Use 13
Early Intervention 13
Justice Restored 15
Note 15
Further Reading 16
References 16
Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Legal
Chapter 2 Offender Profiling 21
David A. Crighton
Introduction 22
Historical Development 22
Approaches to Offender Profiling 25
Criminal investigative analysis 25
Crime action profiling 25
Investigative psychology 26
The Development of Offender Profiling 26
Current Evidence on Accuracy 30
Conclusions 31
Notes 32
Further Reading 32
References 33
Chapter 3 Eyewitness Testimony 36
Lorraine Hope and Ryan J. Fitzgerald
Eyewitness Identification Performance 37
The Witnessed Event 39
Witness factors 39
Super-recognisers 40
Perpetrator factors 40
Situational factors 42
Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 43
Retention interval 43
Post-event misinformation 44
Intermediate Recognition Tasks 45
Mugshots 45
Composite production 45
The identification task 46
Pre-lineup instructions 46
Lineup composition 46
Investigator bias 47
Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements 48
Post-identification feedback 49
Is confidence related to accuracy? 49
Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? 50
Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 51
The Eyewitness in Court 53
Conclusions 54
Further Reading 54
References 55
Chapter 4 Jury Decision-making 66
Andreas Kapardis 66
Introduction: The Jury Idea 67
The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 68
Arguments Against Jury Trials 69
Arguments in Favour of Jury Trials 70
Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 71
Archival research 71
Questionnaire surveys 71
Mock juries 72
Shadow juries 73
Post-trial juror interviews 73
Books by ex-jurors 74
Selecting Jurors 74
Pre-Trial Publicity 75
The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics 76
Juror Competence 78
Comprehending evidence 78
Understanding and following the judge's instructions/the jury charge 79
The Jury Foreperson 79
Jury Deliberation 80
Small Juries 81
Defendant Characteristics 82
Victim/Plaintiff Characteristics 82
Lawyer and Judge Characteristics 82
Courtroom Design 83
Hung Juries 83
Models of Jury Decision-making 83
Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems 84
Alternatives to Trial by Jury 84
Conclusions 85
Notes 86
Further Reading 87
References 87
Chapter 5 Jury Decision-making in Rape Trials: An Attitude Problem? 94
Dominic Willmott, Daniel Boduszek, Agata Debowska and Lara Hudspith
Introduction 95
Case study--The girl of Qatif 96
Rape and Sexual Offences in the Criminal Justice System 97
The prevalence of sexual victimisation 98
Rape complaints and attrition 98
Jury acquittals at trial 100
Jury Decision-making within Rape Trials 101
Arguments against retaining juries in rape trials 102
Arguments in favour of retaining juries in rape trials 102
Juror Bias and Pre-trial Attitudes 103
Rape myths: Definitions and research 104
Common rape myth beliefs 104
Rape myths and jury decision-making: The empirical evidence 105
Methodological considerations 109
Mock jury trial methodological considerations 110
Solutions and reforms 110
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
References 113
Chapter 6 Psychology in the Courts 120
David A. Crighton
Introduction 121
Systems of Justice 123
The System of Courts 124
The courts in England and Wales 124
Magistrates' courts 124
Youth courts 124
The Crown Court 125
The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 125
The County Court 125
The Family Court 125
The High Court 125
The Courts in Scotland 126
Justice of the Peace Courts 126
Sheriff Courts 126
Sheriff Appeal Court 126
The High Court of Justiciary 126
The Court of Session 126
The Courts in Northern Ireland 127
Magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings) 127
The Crown Court 127
The Court of Appeal 127
County Courts 127
The High Court 127
The UK Supreme Court 128
Some Other UK Courts and Tribunals 128
Court Martial 128
Coroners Courts and fatal accident inquiries 128
The Parole Boards 129
Mental Health Tribunals 129
Contributions of Psychology 129
Legal Process 131
Psychologists' Evidence in Court 132
Giving Evidence 135
Conclusions 136
Notes 137
Further Reading 137
References 138
Part 2 Forensic Psychology: Clinical
Chapter 7 Clinical Assessment 143
David A. Crighton
Conceptual Issues in Assessment 144
Classification 145
Dimensional approaches 147
Diagnosis and formulation 148
Assessment 148
Hypothesis formulation 148
Psychodynamic theory 151
Cognitive behavioural theory 152
Systemic theory 153
Social inequalities theory 153
Integrative theories 154
Data Gathering 155
Interviews 156
Psychometric assessments 157
Data Analysis 158
Reliability 158
Validity 159
Criterion-related validity 159
Content validity 159
Construct validity 159
Specificity, sensitivity and power 160
Single case analysis 160
Clinical Judgements and Biases 161
Conclusions 162
Notes 163
Further Reading 163
References 164
Chapter 8 Risk Assessment 166
David A. Crighton
Key Legal Issues 167
Key Principles in Risk Assessment 168
Approaches to risk assessment 169
Risk Assessment Instruments 171
Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 175
Acceptable risk and rare catastrophic failures 179
Conclusions 181
Notes 182
Further Reading 183
References 184
Chapter 9 Psychology in Prisons 187
David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl
The Development of Psychology in Prisons 188
Developments in England and Wales 192
What Psychologists Do in Corrections 193
Legal 193
Clinical 195
Teaching and training 197
Research and development 198
The future 198
Conclusions 200
Notes 202
Further Reading 203
References 203
Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health and Social Care 207
Phil Willmot and Elizabeth Utting
Introduction 208
Forensic Psychology in Mental Health 208
The legal framework 209
Practical issues 210
Cultural issues 210
Evidence Base 211
Forensic Psychology in Social Care 213
The legal framework 213
Contributions of forensic psychology to social care 214
Systemic issues 215
Discussion 216
Further Reading 217
References 218
Chapter 11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 221
Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Yong Lin Huang, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine
The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 222
Genetics 223
Neuroimaging 224
Neurology 226
Neuropsychology 228
Verbal and spatial intelligence 228
Executive functioning 229
Biological versus social influences 231
Psychophysiology 231
Heart rate 232
Skin conductance 232
Electroencephalogram and event-related potentials 234
Endocrinology 236
Moral Development 236
Nutrition 238
Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 239
Lie detection 240
Legal and judicial process 241
Assessment 241
Diagnostic identification 241
Treatment 242
Intervention 243
Dangerousness and risk prediction 243
Conclusions 244
Further Reading 244
References 245
Chapter 12 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 263
David P. Farrington
Introduction 264
Risk-focused prevention 265
What is a risk factor? 265
Cost-benefit analysis 266
Family-based Prevention 266
Home visiting programmes 267
Parent management training 268
Other parenting interventions 269
Multi-systemic therapy 270
School-based Prevention 271
Pre-school programmes 271
School programmes 272
Anti-bullying programmes 274
Peer Programmes 275
Skills Training 276
Communities That Care 278
Recent UK Developments 279
Conclusions 280
Further Reading 283
References 283
Chapter 13 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 294
David P. Farrington
Introduction 295
Individual Factors 300
Temperament and personality 300
Hyperactivity and impulsivity 301
Low intelligence and attainment 302
Low empathy 303
Family Factors 304
Child-rearing 304
Teenage mothers and child abuse 306
Parental conflict and disrupted families 307
Criminal parents 309
Large family size 310
Social Factors 311
Socio-economic deprivation 311
Peer influences 312
School influences 313
Community influences 314
Conclusions 316
Further Reading 317
References 318
Chapter 14 Desistance from Crime 330
Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington
Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 331
Social predictors of desistance 331
Employment 332
Marriage 333
Peers 335
Military 336
Religion and Spirituality 336
Substance Use 337
Cognitive predictors of desistance 337
The role of identity change in the desistance process 339
The interaction between social and cognitive factors 340
Genetic Factors and Desistance 341
Summary 342
Conclusions 342
Policy relevance of desistance research 342
Next steps in desistance research 343
Further Reading 344
References 345
Chapter 15 Crisis Negotiation 350
David A. Crighton
Development of Crisis Negotiation 351
Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 352
Types of critical incidents 352
To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 354
Goals of Crisis Negotiation 355
Calming the situation 355
Process of crisis negotiation 355
Communication and rapport building 356
Listening 356
Showing empathy 357
Building rapport 357
Developing influence 357
Gathering intelligence 358
Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 358
Crisis Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 360
The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 361
The Experience of Hostages 361
Crisis Negotiation--The Evidence 362
Conclusions 365
Notes 366
Further Reading 366
References 367
Chapter 16 Terrorism 371
Orla Lynch
Introduction 372
Key Issues--Defining Terrorism...
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Genre: | Psychologie |
| Produktart: | Ratgeber |
| Rubrik: | Geisteswissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Seiten: | 896 |
| Inhalt: | 896 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119673545 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119673542 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1W119673540 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Redaktion: |
Crighton, David A.
Towl, Graham J. |
| Herausgeber: | David A Crighton/Graham J Towl |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley and Sons Ltd |
| Maße: | 255 x 183 x 54 mm |
| Von/Mit: | David A. Crighton (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 27.05.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 1,636 kg |
Über den Autor
David A. Crighton is Hon. Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University. He was formally Deputy Chief Psychologist in the UK Ministry of Justice. He is a past Chair of the BPS Expert Witness Advisory Group and a past Secretary and Treasurer of the British Psychological Society, Division of Forensic Psychology.
Graham J. Towl is Professor of Forensic Psychology, Durham University and visiting Clinical Professor, University of Newcastle. He was formally the Chief Psychologist at the Ministry of Justice, UK, and uniquely is the recipient of BPS awards for Distinguished Contributions to Professional practice and forensic academic knowledge. His research interests are wide currently including suicide in prisons and sexual violence at universities.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
List of Contributors xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton
Justice 4
Expert Controversies 6
Human Rights and Ethics 7
Developmental Perspectives 8
Investigation and Prosecution Issues 10
Psychological Assessment 11
Critical Psychology 12
Substance Use 13
Early Intervention 13
Justice Restored 15
Note 15
Further Reading 16
References 16
Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Legal
Chapter 2 Offender Profiling 21
David A. Crighton
Introduction 22
Historical Development 22
Approaches to Offender Profiling 25
Criminal investigative analysis 25
Crime action profiling 25
Investigative psychology 26
The Development of Offender Profiling 26
Current Evidence on Accuracy 30
Conclusions 31
Notes 32
Further Reading 32
References 33
Chapter 3 Eyewitness Testimony 36
Lorraine Hope and Ryan J. Fitzgerald
Eyewitness Identification Performance 37
The Witnessed Event 39
Witness factors 39
Super-recognisers 40
Perpetrator factors 40
Situational factors 42
Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 43
Retention interval 43
Post-event misinformation 44
Intermediate Recognition Tasks 45
Mugshots 45
Composite production 45
The identification task 46
Pre-lineup instructions 46
Lineup composition 46
Investigator bias 47
Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements 48
Post-identification feedback 49
Is confidence related to accuracy? 49
Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? 50
Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 51
The Eyewitness in Court 53
Conclusions 54
Further Reading 54
References 55
Chapter 4 Jury Decision-making 66
Andreas Kapardis 66
Introduction: The Jury Idea 67
The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 68
Arguments Against Jury Trials 69
Arguments in Favour of Jury Trials 70
Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 71
Archival research 71
Questionnaire surveys 71
Mock juries 72
Shadow juries 73
Post-trial juror interviews 73
Books by ex-jurors 74
Selecting Jurors 74
Pre-Trial Publicity 75
The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics 76
Juror Competence 78
Comprehending evidence 78
Understanding and following the judge's instructions/the jury charge 79
The Jury Foreperson 79
Jury Deliberation 80
Small Juries 81
Defendant Characteristics 82
Victim/Plaintiff Characteristics 82
Lawyer and Judge Characteristics 82
Courtroom Design 83
Hung Juries 83
Models of Jury Decision-making 83
Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems 84
Alternatives to Trial by Jury 84
Conclusions 85
Notes 86
Further Reading 87
References 87
Chapter 5 Jury Decision-making in Rape Trials: An Attitude Problem? 94
Dominic Willmott, Daniel Boduszek, Agata Debowska and Lara Hudspith
Introduction 95
Case study--The girl of Qatif 96
Rape and Sexual Offences in the Criminal Justice System 97
The prevalence of sexual victimisation 98
Rape complaints and attrition 98
Jury acquittals at trial 100
Jury Decision-making within Rape Trials 101
Arguments against retaining juries in rape trials 102
Arguments in favour of retaining juries in rape trials 102
Juror Bias and Pre-trial Attitudes 103
Rape myths: Definitions and research 104
Common rape myth beliefs 104
Rape myths and jury decision-making: The empirical evidence 105
Methodological considerations 109
Mock jury trial methodological considerations 110
Solutions and reforms 110
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
References 113
Chapter 6 Psychology in the Courts 120
David A. Crighton
Introduction 121
Systems of Justice 123
The System of Courts 124
The courts in England and Wales 124
Magistrates' courts 124
Youth courts 124
The Crown Court 125
The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 125
The County Court 125
The Family Court 125
The High Court 125
The Courts in Scotland 126
Justice of the Peace Courts 126
Sheriff Courts 126
Sheriff Appeal Court 126
The High Court of Justiciary 126
The Court of Session 126
The Courts in Northern Ireland 127
Magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings) 127
The Crown Court 127
The Court of Appeal 127
County Courts 127
The High Court 127
The UK Supreme Court 128
Some Other UK Courts and Tribunals 128
Court Martial 128
Coroners Courts and fatal accident inquiries 128
The Parole Boards 129
Mental Health Tribunals 129
Contributions of Psychology 129
Legal Process 131
Psychologists' Evidence in Court 132
Giving Evidence 135
Conclusions 136
Notes 137
Further Reading 137
References 138
Part 2 Forensic Psychology: Clinical
Chapter 7 Clinical Assessment 143
David A. Crighton
Conceptual Issues in Assessment 144
Classification 145
Dimensional approaches 147
Diagnosis and formulation 148
Assessment 148
Hypothesis formulation 148
Psychodynamic theory 151
Cognitive behavioural theory 152
Systemic theory 153
Social inequalities theory 153
Integrative theories 154
Data Gathering 155
Interviews 156
Psychometric assessments 157
Data Analysis 158
Reliability 158
Validity 159
Criterion-related validity 159
Content validity 159
Construct validity 159
Specificity, sensitivity and power 160
Single case analysis 160
Clinical Judgements and Biases 161
Conclusions 162
Notes 163
Further Reading 163
References 164
Chapter 8 Risk Assessment 166
David A. Crighton
Key Legal Issues 167
Key Principles in Risk Assessment 168
Approaches to risk assessment 169
Risk Assessment Instruments 171
Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 175
Acceptable risk and rare catastrophic failures 179
Conclusions 181
Notes 182
Further Reading 183
References 184
Chapter 9 Psychology in Prisons 187
David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl
The Development of Psychology in Prisons 188
Developments in England and Wales 192
What Psychologists Do in Corrections 193
Legal 193
Clinical 195
Teaching and training 197
Research and development 198
The future 198
Conclusions 200
Notes 202
Further Reading 203
References 203
Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health and Social Care 207
Phil Willmot and Elizabeth Utting
Introduction 208
Forensic Psychology in Mental Health 208
The legal framework 209
Practical issues 210
Cultural issues 210
Evidence Base 211
Forensic Psychology in Social Care 213
The legal framework 213
Contributions of forensic psychology to social care 214
Systemic issues 215
Discussion 216
Further Reading 217
References 218
Chapter 11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 221
Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Yong Lin Huang, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine
The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 222
Genetics 223
Neuroimaging 224
Neurology 226
Neuropsychology 228
Verbal and spatial intelligence 228
Executive functioning 229
Biological versus social influences 231
Psychophysiology 231
Heart rate 232
Skin conductance 232
Electroencephalogram and event-related potentials 234
Endocrinology 236
Moral Development 236
Nutrition 238
Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 239
Lie detection 240
Legal and judicial process 241
Assessment 241
Diagnostic identification 241
Treatment 242
Intervention 243
Dangerousness and risk prediction 243
Conclusions 244
Further Reading 244
References 245
Chapter 12 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 263
David P. Farrington
Introduction 264
Risk-focused prevention 265
What is a risk factor? 265
Cost-benefit analysis 266
Family-based Prevention 266
Home visiting programmes 267
Parent management training 268
Other parenting interventions 269
Multi-systemic therapy 270
School-based Prevention 271
Pre-school programmes 271
School programmes 272
Anti-bullying programmes 274
Peer Programmes 275
Skills Training 276
Communities That Care 278
Recent UK Developments 279
Conclusions 280
Further Reading 283
References 283
Chapter 13 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 294
David P. Farrington
Introduction 295
Individual Factors 300
Temperament and personality 300
Hyperactivity and impulsivity 301
Low intelligence and attainment 302
Low empathy 303
Family Factors 304
Child-rearing 304
Teenage mothers and child abuse 306
Parental conflict and disrupted families 307
Criminal parents 309
Large family size 310
Social Factors 311
Socio-economic deprivation 311
Peer influences 312
School influences 313
Community influences 314
Conclusions 316
Further Reading 317
References 318
Chapter 14 Desistance from Crime 330
Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington
Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 331
Social predictors of desistance 331
Employment 332
Marriage 333
Peers 335
Military 336
Religion and Spirituality 336
Substance Use 337
Cognitive predictors of desistance 337
The role of identity change in the desistance process 339
The interaction between social and cognitive factors 340
Genetic Factors and Desistance 341
Summary 342
Conclusions 342
Policy relevance of desistance research 342
Next steps in desistance research 343
Further Reading 344
References 345
Chapter 15 Crisis Negotiation 350
David A. Crighton
Development of Crisis Negotiation 351
Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 352
Types of critical incidents 352
To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 354
Goals of Crisis Negotiation 355
Calming the situation 355
Process of crisis negotiation 355
Communication and rapport building 356
Listening 356
Showing empathy 357
Building rapport 357
Developing influence 357
Gathering intelligence 358
Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 358
Crisis Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 360
The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 361
The Experience of Hostages 361
Crisis Negotiation--The Evidence 362
Conclusions 365
Notes 366
Further Reading 366
References 367
Chapter 16 Terrorism 371
Orla Lynch
Introduction 372
Key Issues--Defining Terrorism...
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton
Justice 4
Expert Controversies 6
Human Rights and Ethics 7
Developmental Perspectives 8
Investigation and Prosecution Issues 10
Psychological Assessment 11
Critical Psychology 12
Substance Use 13
Early Intervention 13
Justice Restored 15
Note 15
Further Reading 16
References 16
Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Legal
Chapter 2 Offender Profiling 21
David A. Crighton
Introduction 22
Historical Development 22
Approaches to Offender Profiling 25
Criminal investigative analysis 25
Crime action profiling 25
Investigative psychology 26
The Development of Offender Profiling 26
Current Evidence on Accuracy 30
Conclusions 31
Notes 32
Further Reading 32
References 33
Chapter 3 Eyewitness Testimony 36
Lorraine Hope and Ryan J. Fitzgerald
Eyewitness Identification Performance 37
The Witnessed Event 39
Witness factors 39
Super-recognisers 40
Perpetrator factors 40
Situational factors 42
Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 43
Retention interval 43
Post-event misinformation 44
Intermediate Recognition Tasks 45
Mugshots 45
Composite production 45
The identification task 46
Pre-lineup instructions 46
Lineup composition 46
Investigator bias 47
Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements 48
Post-identification feedback 49
Is confidence related to accuracy? 49
Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? 50
Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 51
The Eyewitness in Court 53
Conclusions 54
Further Reading 54
References 55
Chapter 4 Jury Decision-making 66
Andreas Kapardis 66
Introduction: The Jury Idea 67
The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 68
Arguments Against Jury Trials 69
Arguments in Favour of Jury Trials 70
Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 71
Archival research 71
Questionnaire surveys 71
Mock juries 72
Shadow juries 73
Post-trial juror interviews 73
Books by ex-jurors 74
Selecting Jurors 74
Pre-Trial Publicity 75
The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics 76
Juror Competence 78
Comprehending evidence 78
Understanding and following the judge's instructions/the jury charge 79
The Jury Foreperson 79
Jury Deliberation 80
Small Juries 81
Defendant Characteristics 82
Victim/Plaintiff Characteristics 82
Lawyer and Judge Characteristics 82
Courtroom Design 83
Hung Juries 83
Models of Jury Decision-making 83
Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems 84
Alternatives to Trial by Jury 84
Conclusions 85
Notes 86
Further Reading 87
References 87
Chapter 5 Jury Decision-making in Rape Trials: An Attitude Problem? 94
Dominic Willmott, Daniel Boduszek, Agata Debowska and Lara Hudspith
Introduction 95
Case study--The girl of Qatif 96
Rape and Sexual Offences in the Criminal Justice System 97
The prevalence of sexual victimisation 98
Rape complaints and attrition 98
Jury acquittals at trial 100
Jury Decision-making within Rape Trials 101
Arguments against retaining juries in rape trials 102
Arguments in favour of retaining juries in rape trials 102
Juror Bias and Pre-trial Attitudes 103
Rape myths: Definitions and research 104
Common rape myth beliefs 104
Rape myths and jury decision-making: The empirical evidence 105
Methodological considerations 109
Mock jury trial methodological considerations 110
Solutions and reforms 110
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
References 113
Chapter 6 Psychology in the Courts 120
David A. Crighton
Introduction 121
Systems of Justice 123
The System of Courts 124
The courts in England and Wales 124
Magistrates' courts 124
Youth courts 124
The Crown Court 125
The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 125
The County Court 125
The Family Court 125
The High Court 125
The Courts in Scotland 126
Justice of the Peace Courts 126
Sheriff Courts 126
Sheriff Appeal Court 126
The High Court of Justiciary 126
The Court of Session 126
The Courts in Northern Ireland 127
Magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings) 127
The Crown Court 127
The Court of Appeal 127
County Courts 127
The High Court 127
The UK Supreme Court 128
Some Other UK Courts and Tribunals 128
Court Martial 128
Coroners Courts and fatal accident inquiries 128
The Parole Boards 129
Mental Health Tribunals 129
Contributions of Psychology 129
Legal Process 131
Psychologists' Evidence in Court 132
Giving Evidence 135
Conclusions 136
Notes 137
Further Reading 137
References 138
Part 2 Forensic Psychology: Clinical
Chapter 7 Clinical Assessment 143
David A. Crighton
Conceptual Issues in Assessment 144
Classification 145
Dimensional approaches 147
Diagnosis and formulation 148
Assessment 148
Hypothesis formulation 148
Psychodynamic theory 151
Cognitive behavioural theory 152
Systemic theory 153
Social inequalities theory 153
Integrative theories 154
Data Gathering 155
Interviews 156
Psychometric assessments 157
Data Analysis 158
Reliability 158
Validity 159
Criterion-related validity 159
Content validity 159
Construct validity 159
Specificity, sensitivity and power 160
Single case analysis 160
Clinical Judgements and Biases 161
Conclusions 162
Notes 163
Further Reading 163
References 164
Chapter 8 Risk Assessment 166
David A. Crighton
Key Legal Issues 167
Key Principles in Risk Assessment 168
Approaches to risk assessment 169
Risk Assessment Instruments 171
Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 175
Acceptable risk and rare catastrophic failures 179
Conclusions 181
Notes 182
Further Reading 183
References 184
Chapter 9 Psychology in Prisons 187
David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl
The Development of Psychology in Prisons 188
Developments in England and Wales 192
What Psychologists Do in Corrections 193
Legal 193
Clinical 195
Teaching and training 197
Research and development 198
The future 198
Conclusions 200
Notes 202
Further Reading 203
References 203
Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health and Social Care 207
Phil Willmot and Elizabeth Utting
Introduction 208
Forensic Psychology in Mental Health 208
The legal framework 209
Practical issues 210
Cultural issues 210
Evidence Base 211
Forensic Psychology in Social Care 213
The legal framework 213
Contributions of forensic psychology to social care 214
Systemic issues 215
Discussion 216
Further Reading 217
References 218
Chapter 11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 221
Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Yong Lin Huang, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine
The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 222
Genetics 223
Neuroimaging 224
Neurology 226
Neuropsychology 228
Verbal and spatial intelligence 228
Executive functioning 229
Biological versus social influences 231
Psychophysiology 231
Heart rate 232
Skin conductance 232
Electroencephalogram and event-related potentials 234
Endocrinology 236
Moral Development 236
Nutrition 238
Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 239
Lie detection 240
Legal and judicial process 241
Assessment 241
Diagnostic identification 241
Treatment 242
Intervention 243
Dangerousness and risk prediction 243
Conclusions 244
Further Reading 244
References 245
Chapter 12 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 263
David P. Farrington
Introduction 264
Risk-focused prevention 265
What is a risk factor? 265
Cost-benefit analysis 266
Family-based Prevention 266
Home visiting programmes 267
Parent management training 268
Other parenting interventions 269
Multi-systemic therapy 270
School-based Prevention 271
Pre-school programmes 271
School programmes 272
Anti-bullying programmes 274
Peer Programmes 275
Skills Training 276
Communities That Care 278
Recent UK Developments 279
Conclusions 280
Further Reading 283
References 283
Chapter 13 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 294
David P. Farrington
Introduction 295
Individual Factors 300
Temperament and personality 300
Hyperactivity and impulsivity 301
Low intelligence and attainment 302
Low empathy 303
Family Factors 304
Child-rearing 304
Teenage mothers and child abuse 306
Parental conflict and disrupted families 307
Criminal parents 309
Large family size 310
Social Factors 311
Socio-economic deprivation 311
Peer influences 312
School influences 313
Community influences 314
Conclusions 316
Further Reading 317
References 318
Chapter 14 Desistance from Crime 330
Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington
Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 331
Social predictors of desistance 331
Employment 332
Marriage 333
Peers 335
Military 336
Religion and Spirituality 336
Substance Use 337
Cognitive predictors of desistance 337
The role of identity change in the desistance process 339
The interaction between social and cognitive factors 340
Genetic Factors and Desistance 341
Summary 342
Conclusions 342
Policy relevance of desistance research 342
Next steps in desistance research 343
Further Reading 344
References 345
Chapter 15 Crisis Negotiation 350
David A. Crighton
Development of Crisis Negotiation 351
Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 352
Types of critical incidents 352
To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 354
Goals of Crisis Negotiation 355
Calming the situation 355
Process of crisis negotiation 355
Communication and rapport building 356
Listening 356
Showing empathy 357
Building rapport 357
Developing influence 357
Gathering intelligence 358
Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 358
Crisis Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 360
The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 361
The Experience of Hostages 361
Crisis Negotiation--The Evidence 362
Conclusions 365
Notes 366
Further Reading 366
References 367
Chapter 16 Terrorism 371
Orla Lynch
Introduction 372
Key Issues--Defining Terrorism...
Details
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Genre: | Psychologie |
| Produktart: | Ratgeber |
| Rubrik: | Geisteswissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| Seiten: | 896 |
| Inhalt: | 896 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119673545 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119673542 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1W119673540 |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Redaktion: |
Crighton, David A.
Towl, Graham J. |
| Herausgeber: | David A Crighton/Graham J Towl |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley and Sons Ltd |
| Maße: | 255 x 183 x 54 mm |
| Von/Mit: | David A. Crighton (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 27.05.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 1,636 kg |
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