The diversity of organisms from invertebrate to vertebrate telescopes possible evolutionary trends in a given transport process

The diversity of transporters in various animal epithelia inductively traces the adaptive response of the specific animal in regards to its environmental pressures

Speculation as to how epithelial transporters came to exist after the "Big Bang" created our universe

Includes supplementary material: [...]

Chloride ATPase Pumps in Epithelia.- Divalent Anion Transport in Crustacean and Molluscan Gastrointestinal Epithelia.- Heavy Metal Transport and Detoxification by Crustacean Epithelial Lysosomes.- Epithelial Calcium Transport in Crustaceans: Adaptation to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Stressors.- The Cellular Basis of Extreme Alkali Secretion in Insects: A Tale of Two Tissues.- H+, Na+, K+, and Amino Acid Transport in Caterpillar and Larval Mosquito Alimentary Canal.- CFTR-Dependent Anion Transport in Airway Epithelia.- Sulfate and Phosphate Transporters in Mammalian Renal and Gastrointestinal Systems.- Role of H+-K+ ATPase, Na+-K+-2Cl? and Na+-Cl?-HCO3 ? Transporters in Vertebrate Small Intestine.- The H+- and H+, K+-ATPases of the Collecting Duct.- Acid/Base Regulation in Renal Epithelia by H,K-ATPases.- Sodium Transport Mechanisms in the Mammalian Nephron.- Renal Acid-Base Regulation Via Ammonia Transport in Mammals.- Hexose Transport Across Mammalian Epithelia.- Amino Acid Transport by Epithelial Membranes.- Molecular Ontology of Amino Acid Transport.