Manisha Vohra has a Master of Engineering in electronics and telecommunication and is an independent researcher. She has published various papers in international journals including IEEE Xplore. She has also published various book chapters, authored two books, and edited six books.

Preface xv 1 Overview of Digital Twin 1Manisha Vohra 1.1 A Simplistic Introduction to Digital Twin 1 1.2 Basic Definition and Explanation of What is Digital Twin 5 1.3 The History of Digital Twin 7 1.4 Working 9 1.5 Features 11 1.5.1 Replication of Each and Every Aspect of the Original Device or Product 11 1.5.2 Helps in Product Lifecycle Management 11 1.5.3 Digital Twin can Prevent Downtime 11 1.6 Advantages of Digital Twin 11 1.6.1 Digital Twin is Helpful in Preventing Issues or Errors in the Actual Object, Product or Process 11 1.6.2 Helps in Well Utilization of Resources 12 1.6.3 Keeping Vigilance of the Actual Object, Product or Process Through Digital Twin is Possible 12 1.6.4 Helps in Efficient Handling and Managing of Objects, Device, Equipment, etc. 12 1.6.5 Reduction in Overall Cost of Manufacturing of Objects, Products, etc. 13 1.7 Applications 13 1.8 A Simple Example of Digital Twin Application 13 1.9 Digital Twin Technology and the Metaverse 14 1.10 Challenges 15 1.10.1 Careful Handling of Different Factors Involved in Digital Twin 15 1.10.2 Expertise Required 15 1.10.3 Data Security and Privacy 15 1.11 Conclusion 16 References 16 2 Introduction, History, and Concept of Digital Twin 19N. Rajamurugu and M. K. Karthik 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 History of Digital Twin 21 2.3 Concept of Digital Twin 23 2.3.1 DTP 23 2.3.2 DTI 24 2.3.3 DTE 24 2.3.4 Conceptualization 25 2.3.5 Comparison 25 2.3.6 Collaboration 25 2.4 Working Principle 26 2.5 Characteristics of Digital Twin 27 2.5.1 Homogenization 27 2.5.2 Digital Trail 27 2.5.3 Connectivity 27 2.6 Advantages 28 2.6.1 Companies Can Benefit From Digital Twin by Tracking Performance-Related Data 28 2.6.2 Different Sector's Progress Can Be Accelerated 28 2.6.3 Digital Twins Can Be Used for Various Application 28 2.6.4 Digital Twin Can Help Decide Future Course of Work 28 2.6.5 Manufacturing Work Can Be Monitored 29 2.7 Limitations 29 2.7.1 Data Transmission Could Have Delays and Distortions 29 2.7.2 Digital Twin Implementation Will Need Required Skills and Sound Knowledge About It 29 2.8 Example of Digital Twin Application 29 2.8.1 Digital Twin Application in General Electric (GE) Renewable Energy 29 2.9 Conclusion 30 References 30 3 An Insight to Digital Twin 33Anant Kumar Patel, Ashish Patel and Kanchan Mona Patel 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Understanding Digital Twin 35 3.3 Digital Twin History 36 3.4 Essential Aspects From Working Perspectives of Digital Twin 37 3.5 How Does a Digital Twin Work? 37 3.6 Insights to Digital Twin Technology Concept 38 3.6.1 Parts Twins 38 3.6.2 Product Twins 39 3.6.3 System Twins 39 3.6.4 Process Twins 39 3.7 Types of Digital Twin 39 3.7.1 Digital Twin Prototype (DTP) 40 3.7.2 Digital Twin Instance (DTI) 40 3.7.3 Digital Twin Environment (DTE) 40 3.8 Traits of Digital Twin 40 3.8.1 Look Same as the Original Object 40 3.8.2 Consists Different Details of the Original Object 41 3.8.3 Behaves Same as the Original Object 41 3.8.4 Can Predict and Inform in Advance About Problems That Could Occur 41 3.9 Value of Digital Twin 41 3.10 Advantages of Digital Twin 42 3.11 Real-World Examples of Use of Digital Twin 43 3.12 Conclusion 44 References 45 4 Digital Twin Solution Architecture 47Suhas D. Joshi 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Previous Work 48 4.2.1 How This Work Differs 49 4.3 Use Cases 50 4.4 Architecture Considerations 51 4.5 Understanding the Physical Object 52 4.5.1 Modeling Considerations 55 4.6 Digital Twin and IoT 56 4.7 Digital Twin Solution Architecture 57 4.7.1 Conceptual Digital Twin Solution Architecture 57 4.7.2 Infrastructure Platform and IoT Services 57 4.7.3 Digital Twin Data and Process Model 57 4.7.4 Digital Twin Services 60 4.7.5 Digital Twin Applications 61 4.7.6 Sample Basic Data Flow through Digital Twin 61 4.7.7 Sample Data Flow for Exception Handling 63 4.7.8 Sample Data Flow through Digital Twin Applications 63 4.7.9 Development Considerations 65 4.8 Database Considerations 66 4.9 Messaging 67 4.10 Interfaces 69 4.11 User Experience 70 4.12 Cyber Security 70 4.13 Use Case Coverage 71 4.14 Future Direction and Trends 73 4.15 Conclusion 74 References 74 5 Role of Digital Twin Technology in Medical Sector-Toward Ensuring Safe Healthcare 77S.N. Kumar, A. Lenin Fred, L.R. Jonisha Miriam, Christina Jane I., H. Ajay Kumar, Parasuraman Padmanabhan and Balazs Gulyas 5.1 Introduction to Digital Twin 78 5.2 Generic Applications of Digital Twin 79 5.3 Digital Twin Applications in Medical Field 83 5.3.1 Biosignal and Physiological Parameters Analysis for Body Area Network 84 5.3.2 Medicinal Drug Delivery 85 5.3.3 Surgical Preplanning 86 5.3.4 COVID 19 Screening and Diagnosis 87 5.4 Ongoing and Future Applications of Digital Twin in Healthcare Sector 89 5.5 Conclusion 89 Acknowledgments 90 References 90 6 Digital Twin as a Revamping Tool for Construction Industry 97Greeshma A. S. and Philbin M. Philip 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Introduction to Digital Twin 99 6.3 Overview of Digital Twin in Construction 100 6.4 The Perks of Digital Twin 101 6.5 The Evolution of Digital Twin 102 6.6 Application of Digital Twin Technology in Construction Industry 103 6.7 Digital Twins Application for Construction Working Personnel Safety 106 6.8 Digital Twin Applications in Smart City Construction 107 6.9 Discussion 107 6.10 Conclusion 108 References 109 7 Digital Twin Applications and Challenges in Healthcare 111Pavithra S., Pavithra D., Vanithamani R. and Judith Justin 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Digital Twin 112 7.3 Applications of Digital Twin 114 7.3.1 Smart Cities 114 7.3.2 Manufacturing Sector 115 7.3.3 Healthcare 115 7.3.4 Aviation 115 7.3.5 The Disney Park 115 7.4 Challenges with Digital Twin 115 7.5 Digital Twin in Healthcare 116 7.5.1 Digital Twin for Hospital Workflow Management 116 7.5.2 Digital Twin for a Healthcare Facility 117 7.5.3 Digital Twin for Different Medical Product Manufacturing 118 7.5.4 Cardiovascular Digital Twin 118 7.5.5 Digital Twin Utilization for Supporting Personalized Treatment 119 7.5.6 Digital Twin for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 119 7.6 Digital Twin Challenges in Healthcare 119 7.6.1 Need of Training and Knowledge 120 7.6.2 Cost Factor 120 7.6.3 Trust Factor 120 7.7 Conclusion 121 References 122 8 Monitoring Structural Health Using Digital Twin 125Samaya Pillai, Venkatesh Iyengar and Pankaj Pathak 8.1 Introduction 126 8.1.1 Digital Twin-The Approach and Uses 126 8.2 Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) 128 8.2.1 Criticality and Need for SHMS Approach 128 8.2.2 Passive and Active SHMS 129 8.3 Sensor Technology, Digital Twin (DT) and Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) 130 8.4 Conclusion 135 References 136 9 Role and Advantages of Digital Twin in Oil and Gas Industry 141Prakash J. 9.1 Introduction 141 9.2 Digital Twin 142 9.3 Evolution of Digital Twin Technology 144 9.4 Various Digital Twins that Can Be Built 145 9.4.1 Parts Twins 145 9.4.2 Product Twins or Asset Twins 146 9.4.3 System Twins or Unit Twins 146 9.4.4 Process Twins 146 9.5 Advantage of Digital Twin 146 9.5.1 Paced Prototypin 147 9.5.2 Prediction 147 9.5.3 Enhanced Maintenance 147 9.5.4 Monitoring 147 9.5.5 Safety 147 9.5.6 Reduced Waste 147 9.6 Applications of Digital Twin 148 9.6.1 Aerospace 148 9.6.2 Power-Generation Equipment 148 9.6.3 Structures and Their Systems 148 9.6.4 Manufacturing Operations 149 9.6.5 Healthcare Services 149 9.6.6 Automotive Industry 149 9.6.7 Urban Planning and Construction 149 9.6.8 Smart Cities 149 9.6.9 Industrial Applications 149 9.7 Characteristics of Digital Twin 150 9.7.1 High-Fidelity 150 9.7.2 Lively 150 9.7.3 Multidisciplinary 150 9.7.4 Homogenization 150 9.7.5 Digital Footprint 151 9.8 Digital Twin in Oil and Gas Industry 151 9.9 Role of Digital Twin in the Various Areas of Oil and Gas Industry 152 9.9.1 Planning of Drilling Process 153 9.9.2 Performance Monitoring of Oil Field 153 9.9.3 Data Analytics and Simulation for Oil Field Production 153 9.9.4 Improving Field Personnel and Workforce Safety 153 9.9.5 Predictive Maintenance 153 9.10 The Advantages of Digital Twin in the Oil and Gas Industry 154 9.10.1 Production Efficacy 154 9.10.2 Preemptive Maintenance 154 9.10.3 Scenario Development 154 9.10.4 Different Processes Monitoring 155 9.10.5 Compliance Criteria 155 9.10.6 Cost Savings 155 9.10.7 Workplace Safety 155 9.11 Conclusion 155 References 156 10 Digital Twin in Smart Cities: Application and Benefits 159Manisha Vohra 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 Introduction of Digital Twin in Smart Cities 162 10.3 Applications of Digital Twin in Smart Cities 164 10.3.1 Traffic Management 164 10.3.2 Construction 165 10.3.3 Structural Health Monitoring 166 10.3.4 Healthcare 167 10.3.5 Digital Twin for Drainage System 168 10.3.6 Digital Twin for Power Grid 169 10.4 Conclusion 169 References 170 11 Digital Twin in Pharmaceutical Industry 173Anant Kumar Patel, Ashish Patel and Kanchan Mona Patel 11.1 Introduction 173 11.2 What is Digital Twin? 175 11.2.1 Digital Twin Prototype (DTP) 176 11.2.2 Digital Twin Instance 176 11.2.3 Parts Twins 177 11.2.4 Product Twins 177 11.2.5 System Twins 177 11.2.6 Process Twins 178 11.3 Digital Twin in the Pharmaceutical Industry 178 11.4 Digital Twin Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry 180 11.4.1 Digital Twin of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Process 180 11.4.2 Digital Twin for Pharmaceutical Supply Chains 180 11.5 Examples of Use of Digital Twin in Pharmaceutical Industry 181 11.5.1 Digital Twin Simulator for Supporting Scientific Exchange of Views With Expert Physicians 181 11.5.2 Digital Twin for Medical Products 182 11.5.3 Digital Twin for Pharmaceutical Companies 182 11.6 Advantages of Digital Twin in the Pharmaceutical Industry 182 11.6.1 Wastage Can Be Reduced 182 11.6.2 Cost Savings 183 11.6.3 Faster Time to Market 183 11.6.4 Smooth Management 183 11.6.5 Remote Monitoring 184 11.7 Digital Twin in the Pharmaceutical Industry as a Game-Changer 184 11.8 Conclusion 184 References 185 12 Different Applications and Importance of Digital Twin 189R. Suganya, Seyed M. Buhari and...