First Trimester

Introduction and Overview

Embryology and Anatomy of the First Trimester

Approach to the First Trimester

Abnormal Intrauterine Gestation

Failed First-Trimester Pregnancy

Perigestational Hemorrhage

Chorionic Bump

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

Ectopic Gestation

Tubal Ectopic

Interstitial Ectopic

Cesarean Section Scar Pregnancy

Cervical Ectopic

Ovarian Ectopic

Heterotopic Pregnancy

Abdominal Ectopic

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Abnormal Gestational Sac and Contents

Brain

Introduction and Overview

Embryology and Anatomy of the Brain

Approach to the Supratentorial Brain

Approach to the Posterior Fossa

Cranial Defects

Exencephaly, Anencephaly

Occipital, Parietal Cephalocele

Atretic Cephalocele

Frontal Cephalocele

Midline Developmental Anomalies

Agenesis/Dysgenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Interhemispheric Cyst/AVID

Aprosencephaly, Atelencephaly

Alobar Holoprosencephaly

Semilobar Holoprosencephaly

Lobar Holoprosencephaly

Septo-Optic Dysplasia

Syntelencephaly

Cortical Developmental Anomalies

Schizencephaly

Lissencephaly

Gray Matter Heterotopia

Pachygyria, Polymicrogyria

Tuberous Sclerosis

Cysts

Choroid Plexus Cyst

Arachnoid Cyst

Destructive Lesions

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Encephalomalacia, Porencephaly

Hydranencephaly

Posterior Fossa Malformations

Aqueductal Stenosis

Chiari 2 Malformation

Chiari 3 Malformation

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Vermian Dysgenesis

Blake Pouch Cyst

Mega Cisterna Magna

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Rhombencephalosynapsis

Vascular Malformations

Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation

Arteriovenous Fistula

Dural Sinus Malformation

Tumors

Brain Tumors

Choroid Plexus Papilloma

Intracranial Lipoma

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi

Mild Ventriculomegaly

Microcephaly

Abnormal Calvarium

Posterior Fossa Cyst/Fluid Collection

Spine

Embryology and Anatomy of the Spine

Approach to the Fetal Spine

Spina Bifida

Iniencephaly

Caudal Regression Sequence

Kyphosis, Scoliosis

Tethered Cord

Diastematomyelia

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Face and Neck

Embryology and Anatomy of the Face and Neck

Approach to the Fetal Face and Neck

Cleft Lip, Palate

Dacryocystocele

Coloboma

Epignathus

Epulis

Goiter

Cystic Hygroma

Cervical Teratoma

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Abnormal Orbits/Eyes

Abnormal Ears

Micrognathia

Macroglossia

Chest

Embryology and Anatomy of the Chest

Approach to the Fetal Chest

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration

Bronchogenic Cyst

Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence (CHAOS)

Congenital Lobar Overinflation

Pulmonary Agenesis

Lymphangioma

Mediastinal Teratoma

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Solid/Echogenic Chest Mass

Cystic Chest Mass

Heart

Introduction and Overview

Embryology and Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Approach to the Fetal Heart

Abnormal Location

Heterotaxy, Cardiosplenic Syndromes

Ectopia Cordis

Septal Defects

Ventricular Septal Defect

Atrioventricular Septal Defect

Atrial Septal Aneurysm

Right Heart Malformations

Ebstein Anomaly

Tricuspid Dysplasia

Tricuspid Atresia

Pulmonary Stenosis, Atresia

Left Heart Malformations

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Coarctation and Interrupted Aortic Arch

Aortic Stenosis

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Conotruncal Malformations

Tetralogy of Fallot

Transposition of the Great Arteries

Truncus Arteriosus

Double-Outlet Right Ventricle

Myocardial and Pericardial Abnormalities

Echogenic Cardiac Focus

Cardiomyopathy

Rhabdomyoma

Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial Teratoma

Abnormal Rhythm

Irregular Rhythm

Tachyarrhythmia

Bradyarrhythmia

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Abnormal Cardiac Axis

Chamber Asymmetry

Congenital Heart Disease Surgery

Blalock-Taussig Shunt

Norwood Procedure

Glenn Procedure

Fontan Procedure

Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract

Introduction and Overview

Embryology and Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract

Approach to the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract

Abdominal Wall Defects

Gastroschisis

Omphalocele

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Body Stalk Anomaly

Bladder Exstrophy

Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS Syndrome

Bowel Abnormalities

Esophageal Atresia

Duodenal Atresia

Jejunal, Ileal Atresia

Colonic Atresia

Anal Atresia

Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus

Volvulus

Enteric Duplication Cyst

Peritoneal Abnormalities

Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst

Mesenteric Lymphangioma

Hepatobiliary Abnormalities

Gallstones

Choledochal Cyst

Splenic Cyst

Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease

Biliary Atresia

Congenital Hepatic Hemangioma

Mesenchymal Hamartoma

Hepatoblastoma

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Echogenic Bowel

Ascites

Cystic Abdominal Mass

Hepatomegaly

Genitourinary Tract

Introduction and Overview

Embryology and Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract

Approach to the Fetal Genitourinary Tract

Urinary Tract Dilation

Renal Developmental Variants

Unilateral Renal Agenesis

Duplicated Collecting System

Pelvic Kidney

Horseshoe Kidney

Crossed Fused Ectopia

Renal Malformations

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Urinoma

Obstructive Renal Dysplasia

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Mesoblastic Nephroma

Adrenal Abnormalities

Adrenal Hemorrhage

Neuroblastoma

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Bladder Malformations

Posterior Urethral Valves

Prune-Belly Syndrome

Ureterocele

Urachal Anomalies

Genital Abnormalities

Disorders of Sex Development

Hypospadias

Ovarian Cyst

Hydrocolpos

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Hydronephrosis

Echogenic Kidneys

Unilateral Enlarged Kidney

Suprarenal Mass

Scrotal Mass

Musculoskeletal

Dysplasias

Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias

Bone Length Charts

Achondrogenesis, Hypochondrogenesis

Achondroplasia

Amelia/Phocomelia

Atelosteogenesis

Campomelic Dysplasia

Chondrodysplasia Punctata

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Greenberg Dysplasia

Hypophosphatasia

Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndromes

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Extremity Malformations

Clubfoot

Rocker-Bottom Foot

Radial Ray Malformation

Clinodactyly

Polydactyly

Syndactyly

Split Hand/Foot Malformation

Arthrogryposis, Akinesia Sequence

Proximal Focal Femoral Dysplasia

Fibular/Tibial Hemimelia

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Mildly Short Femur/Humerus

Curved/Angulated Bones

Abnormal Ossification

Placenta, Membranes, and Umbilical Cord

Introduction and Overview

Approach to the Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Placenta and Membrane Abnormalities

Placental Abruption

Placenta Previa/Low-Lying Placenta

Vasa Previa

Placenta Accreta Spectrum

Placental Lake, Intervillous Thrombus

Succenturiate Lobe

Circumvallate Placenta

Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion

Chorioangioma

Placental Teratoma

Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia

Umbilical Cord Abnormalities

Single Umbilical Artery

Umbilical Vein Varix

Persistent Right Umbilical Vein

Pertinent Differential Diagnoses

Placental Cysts and Masses

Umbilical Cord Cysts and Masses

Multiple Gestations

Approach to Multiple Gestations

Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins

Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins

Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins

Selective Fetal Growth Restriction

Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion

Conjoined Twins

Triplets and Beyond

Fetus-in-Fetu

Aneuploidy

Approach to Genetic Screening

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 18

Trisomy 13

Turner Syndrome

Triploidy

Syndromes and Multisystem Disorders

Approach to Syndromes

22q11 Deletion Syndrome

Aicardi Syndrome

Amniotic Band Syndrome

Apert Syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Carpenter Syndrome

CHARGE Syndrome

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Cystic Fibrosis

Crouzon Syndrome

Diabetic Embryopathy

Fraser Syndrome

Fryns Syndrome

Holt-Oram Syndrome

Idiopathic Infantile Arterial Calcification

Joubert Syndrome