Serdar Erdine, MD, FIPP, is a member of the executive board of the World Institute of Pain, Chairman of its ­Turkish Registered Section, Past President of the World Institute of Pain as well as Past President of the ­European Pain Federation.

Peter S. Staats, MD, FIPP, founded the Pain Medicine Division in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. He is Chief Medical Officer of the National Spine and Pain Centers and has served on the United States Health and Human Services Pain Task Force subcommittee. He is the current president of the World Institute of Pain.

Section Editors xii

List of Contributors xiii

Foreword xx
Gabor B. Racz

Foreword xxii
Ricardo Ruiz - Lopez

Preface xxiv

Acknowledgments xxvi

Section 1: Basic Principles 1

1 The Importance of Studying Complications in Pain Medicine 3
Peter S. Staats and Serdar Erdine

2 History of Interventional Pain Procedures 8
Serdar Erdine and Peter S. Staats

3 Ethics of Interventional Pain Management 18
Serdar Erdine

4 Clinical Assessment of Patients to Decrease Risk 21
Vittorio Schweiger, Massimo Parolini, Alvise Martini, and Enrico Polati

5 Medical Legal Issues in Pain Management 27
Standiford Helm and Raymond McMahon

6 Complications of Opiate Therapy 32
Elie Sader, Steven Calvino, and Christopher Gharibo

7 Complications in the Pharmacologic Approach of Pain 38
Kris C.P. Vissers, Priodarshi Roychoudhury, and Lakshmi Koyyalagunta

8 Complications of Sedation in Painful Procedures 48
Ramsin Benyamin

9 Complications of Injectable Agents Used Intraoperatively 55
Karolina M. Szadek, Remko Liebregts, A. Long Liem, and Monique A.H. Steegers

10 Complications of Cryoneuroablation 63
Andrea Trescot

11 Complications of Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures 73
Anand Thakur C., Serdar Erdine, and Peter S. Staats

12 Infection Control 80
Liong Liem, Said Shofwan, Grady Janitra, and Sholahuddin Rhatomy

13 Radiation Safety for Interventional Pain Physicians 90
Vikram B. Patel

14 Bleeding Complications 97
Anthony H. Guarino and Neill Wright

Section 2: Complications of Cranial Procedures 101

15 Complications of Percutaneous Trigeminal Ganglion Procedures 103
Serdar Erdine

16 Complications of Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block 114
Benjamin Ashworth and Miles Day

17 Complications of Percutaneous Block and Lesioning of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve 121
Serdar Erdine

Section 3: Complications of Neck Procedures 127

18 Complications of Occipital Nerve Block and Radiofrequency Lesioning 129
Can Eyigor and Meltem Uyar

19 Complications of Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection 136
Ariana M. Nelson and Honorio T. Benzon

20 Complications of Cervical Facet Procedures 146
Jan van Zundert and Maarten van Eerd

21 Complications of Cervical Discography 152
Wenxi (Richard) Gao and Srdjan S. Nedeljkovi¿

22 Cervical Epidural Lysis of Adhesions 158
Gabor Bela Racz, Gabor J. Racz, Mohammad Javed Tariq, and Carl E. Noe

23 Complications of Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) 167
Serdar Erdine and Peter S. Staats

Section 4: Complications of Thoracic Procedures 179

24 Complications of Thoracic Interlaminar Steroid Injection 181
Mert Akbä and Gözde Dä¿stan

25 Complications of Cervical and Thoracic Transforaminal Epidural Block 188
Arun Bhaskar and Athmaja Thottungal

26 Complications of Thoracic Facet Blocks and Ablations 199
Robert Chow, Melanie G. Wood, and Milan P. Stojanovic

27 Complications of Thoracic Discography 206
Fabricio Assis, Joao Henrique Araujo, and Francisco Morato Dias Abreu

28 Complications of Thoracic Sympathetic Block 214
Fabricio Assis, Carlos Marcelo de Barros, Tainá Melo Vieira Motta Pereira, and Thalita Marqueze

29 Complications of Intercostal Blocks and Ablations 223
Charles Amaral de Oliveira, Thais Khouri Vanetti, and Karen Santos Braghiroli

30 Complications of Thoracic Procedures 227
Elaine Gomes Martins, Thiago Nouer Frederico, and André Mansano

31 Complications of Splanchnic and Celiac Plexus Block 236
Serdar Erdine

Section 5: Complications of Lumbar Spine Procedures 247

32 Complications of Lumbar Interlaminar Steroid Injection 249
Mert Akbä and Gözde Dä¿stan

33 Complications of Lumbar Transforaminal Blocks 258
Jay Karri, Anuj Marathe, Rinoo Shah, and Scott Glaser

34 Complications of Lumbar Facet and Medial Branch Blocks and Ablations 267
Gözde Dä¿stan and Mert Akbä

35 Complications of Lumbar Sympathetic Block 274
E. Alp Yentür

36 Complications of Lumbar Provocation Discography 280
Ramsin Benyamin

37 Complications of Basivertebral Nerve Ablation 290
Ameer Ali, Melissa Lau, Michael DePalma, and Douglas Beall

38 Complications of Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty for Thoracic and Lumbar Procedures 298
Douglas P. Beall, Jordan E. Brasuell, Andrew W. Favre, Brooks M. Koenig, M. Ali Khan, Edward S. Yoon, Trevor R. Magee, Drake Stockard, Joseph D. Kinsinger, Saad A. Khan, William H. Eskew, and James R. Webb

Section 6: Complications of Pelvic and Sacral Procedures 329

39 Complications of Caudal Epidural Lysis of Adhesions 331
Gabor Bela Racz, Gabor J. Racz, Mohammad Tariq, and Carl E. Noe

40 Complications of Epiduroscopic Procedures 339
Altan ¿ahin

41 Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block 351
Ricardo Plancarte Sánchez and Marcela Sámano García

42 Complications of Ganglion Impar Block 360

Ricardo Plancarte Sánchez, Angel Manuel Juárez Lemus, Berenice Carolina Hernández Porras, and María del Rocío Guillén Nuñez

43 Complications of Sacroiliac Joint Block and Ablation 369
Aaron P. Bloom and Clarence Shannon

Section 7: Complications of Peripheral Blocks 377

44 Complications of Suprascapular Nerve Procedures 379
María Luz Padilla del Rey, Eleni Episkopou, and Agnes R. Stogicza

45 Complications of Genicular Nerve Blocks and Ablations 387
Kris Ferguson and Hemant Kalia

46 Complications of Lateral Obturator and Lateral Femoral Nerve Block and Radiofrequency Ablation for Hip Denervation 392
Leonardo Kapural and Taif Mukhdomi

47 Complications of Obturator Nerve Block 397
Kristof Racz, María Luz Padilla del Rey, and Agnes R. Stogicza

48 Complications of Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Procedures 405
Alan Berkman, María Luz Padilla del Rey, and Agnes R. Stogicza

49 Complications of Pudendal Nerve Procedures 412
María Luz Padilla del Rey, Alan Berkman, and Agnes R. Stogicza

Section 8: Complications of Neuromodulation 421

50 Complications of Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems and Drugs Used 423
Alyson M. Engle, Mark N. Malinowski, Jonathan M. Hagedorn, and Timothy R. Deer

51 Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation 439
¿brahim A¿ik and Ümit Akkemik

52 Complications of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain 449
Robert M. Levy

53 Complications of Peripheral and Field Stimulation 460
Priodarshi Roychoudhury and Peter Staats

54 Complications of Occipital and Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation 469
Konstantin V. Slavin

Section 9: Complications of Procedures on Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Interventions 477

55 Complications in Regenerative Medicine 479
Ricardo Ruiz-Lopez, Yu Chuan Tsai, and Mattia Squarcia

56 Complications of Sacroplasty 493
Harold Cordner

57 Complications of Femoroplasty 501
Ricardo Plancarte, Berenice Carolina Hernández-Porras, Angel Juárez Lemus, and Erika C. Lopez Montes

58 Complications of Percutaneous Cordotomy 508
Ibrahim Yegül

59 Complications of Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression (MILD) 517
David W. Lee and Jason Pope

60 Complications of Interspinous Decompression 524
Sean li

61 Complications of Sacroiliac Joint Stabilization 529
Adam Rupp and Dawood Sayed

62 Complications of Intradiscal Therapeutic Procedures 537
Shrif Costandi and Nicholas Prayson

63 Complications of Trigger Point Injection 547
Yu Chuan Tsai and Ricardo Ruiz-Lopez

64 Complications of Percutaneous Spinal Lumbar Endoscopy (PELD) 555
Ricardo Ruiz-Lopez, Ovidiu Palea, and Teodor Cristea

65 Complications of Percutaneous Lumbar Extraforaminotomy 564
Sang Chul Lee, Ricardo Ruiz-Lopez, and Won-Joong Kim

Index 574