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Coal Geology, 3rd Edition, offers a revised and updated edition of this popular book which provides a comprehensive overview of the field of coal geology including coal geophysics, hydrogeology and mining. Also covered in this volume are fully revised coverage of resource and reserve definitions, equipment and recording techniques together with the use of coal as an alternative energy source as well as environmental implications.
This third edition provides a textbook ideally suited to anyone studying, researching or working in the field of coal geology, geotechnical engineering and environmental science.
* Fills the gap between academic aspects of coal geology and the practical role of geology in the coal industry
* Examines sedimentological and stratigraphical geology, together with mining, geophysics, hydrogeology, environmental issues and coal marketing
* Defines global coal resource classifications and methods of calculation
* Addresses the alternative uses of coal as a source of energy
* Covers a global approach to coal producers and consumers
Coal Geology, 3rd Edition, offers a revised and updated edition of this popular book which provides a comprehensive overview of the field of coal geology including coal geophysics, hydrogeology and mining. Also covered in this volume are fully revised coverage of resource and reserve definitions, equipment and recording techniques together with the use of coal as an alternative energy source as well as environmental implications.
This third edition provides a textbook ideally suited to anyone studying, researching or working in the field of coal geology, geotechnical engineering and environmental science.
* Fills the gap between academic aspects of coal geology and the practical role of geology in the coal industry
* Examines sedimentological and stratigraphical geology, together with mining, geophysics, hydrogeology, environmental issues and coal marketing
* Defines global coal resource classifications and methods of calculation
* Addresses the alternative uses of coal as a source of energy
* Covers a global approach to coal producers and consumers
LARRY THOMAS graduated from the University of Wales with a Ph.D in coalfield sedimentology, and has since been associated with the geology, exploration and mining of coal for over 50 years, and has produced a number of technical papers, maps and reports on coal deposits worldwide. He is a director of Dargo Associates Ltd., an international coal consultancy, involved in assessment of coal resources and coal utilisation in many parts of the world for both mining operations, fuel for electricity generation and for project financing.
Preface to Third Edition xv
Preface to Second Edition xvii
Preface to First Edition xix
List of Acronyms xxi
1 Preview 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Coal Geology 1
1.3 Coal Use 2
1.4 Background 2
2 Origin of Coal 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Sedimentation of Coal and Coal-Bearing Sequences 5
2.2.1 Depositional Models 5
2.2.2 The Traditional Model 6
2.2.2.1 Prodelta and Delta Front Facies 8
2.2.2.2 Lower Delta Plain Facies 8
2.2.2.3 Upper Delta Plain Facies 11
2.2.2.4 Fluvial Facies 11
2.2.3 Modern Peat Analogues 11
2.2.3.1 Palaeobotanical Composition of Ancient Mires 19
2.2.3.2 Case Studies 24
2.2.4 Sequence Stratigraphy 25
2.2.5 Facies Correlation 27
2.2.6 Facies Maps 29
2.2.6.1 Seam Splitting 31
2.2.6.2 Washouts 34
2.2.6.3 Floor Rolls 34
2.2.6.4 Coal Seam Thickness Variations 35
2.2.6.5 Interburden/Overburden Thickness 37
2.2.6.6 Coal Seam Quality Variations 38
2.3 Structural Effects on Coal 40
2.3.1 Syndepositional Effects 40
2.3.1.1 Microstructural Effects 40
2.3.1.2 Macrostructural Effects 41
2.3.2 Post-Depositional Effects 44
2.3.2.1 Jointing/Cleats in Coal 44
2.3.2.2 Faulting 45
2.3.2.3 Folding 50
2.3.2.4 Igneous Associations 52
2.3.2.5 Mineral Precipitates 53
3 Age and Occurrence of Coal 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Plate Tectonics 57
3.3 Stratigraphy 61
3.4 Age and Geographical Distribution of Coal 64
3.4.1 United States of America 67
3.4.2 Canada 74
[...]ope 75
3.4.3.1 Albania 75
3.4.3.2 Austria 75
3.4.3.3 Belgium 75
3.4.3.4 Bosnia 75
3.4.3.5 Bulgaria 75
3.4.3.6 Czech Republic 75
3.4.3.7 Denmark 76
3.4.3.8 France 76
3.4.3.9 Germany 76
3.4.3.10 Georgia 76
3.4.3.11 Greece 77
3.4.3.12 Greenland 77
3.4.3.13 Holland 77
3.4.3.14 Hungary 77
3.4.3.15 Ireland 77
3.4.3.16 Italy 77
3.4.3.17 Kosovo 77
3.4.3.18 Montenegro 78
3.4.3.19 Poland 78
3.4.3.20 Portugal 78
3.4.3.21 Romania 78
3.4.3.22 Serbia 78
3.4.3.23 Spain 79
3.4.3.24 Spitzbergen 79
3.4.3.25 Sweden 79
3.4.3.26 Turkey 79
3.4.3.27 United Kingdom 79
3.4.4 Africa 80
3.4.4.1 Angola 80
3.4.4.2 Botswana 80
3.4.4.3 Cameroon 81
3.4.4.4 Egypt 81
3.4.4.5 Ethiopia 81
3.4.4.6 Malagasy Republic 81
3.4.4.7 Malawi 81
3.4.4.8 Mali 81
3.4.4.9 Morocco 81
3.4.4.10 Mozambique 82
3.4.4.11 Namibia 82
3.4.4.12 Niger 82
3.4.4.13 Nigeria 82
3.4.4.14 South Africa 82
3.4.4.15 Swaziland 83
3.4.4.16 Tanzania 83
3.4.4.17 Zaire 83
3.4.4.18 Zambia 83
3.4.4.19 Zimbabwe 83
3.4.5 The Indian Subcontinent 84
3.4.5.1 Afghanistan 84
3.4.5.2 Bangladesh 84
3.4.5.3 India 84
3.4.5.4 Iran 85
3.4.5.5 Pakistan 85
3.4.6 Central and South America 85
3.4.6.1 Argentina 85
3.4.6.2 Bolivia 86
3.4.6.3 Brazil 86
3.4.6.4 Chile 86
3.4.6.5 Colombia 87
3.4.6.6 Costa Rica 87
3.4.6.7 Ecuador 87
3.4.6.8 Mexico 87
3.4.6.9 Peru 87
3.4.6.10 Uruguay 88
3.4.6.11 Venezuela 88
3.4.7 Commonwealth of Independent States 88
3.4.7.1 Kazakhstan 88
3.4.7.2 Russian Federation 88
3.4.7.3 Tajikistan 89
3.4.7.4 Ukraine 89
3.4.7.5 Uzbekistan 89
3.4.8 Far East 89
3.4.8.1 Brunei 89
3.4.8.2 Democratic Republic of (North) Korea 90
3.4.8.3 Indonesia 90
3.4.8.4 Japan 91
3.4.8.5 Laos 91
3.4.8.6 Malaysia 91
3.4.8.7 Mongolia 91
3.4.8.8 Myanmar (Burma) 92
3.4.8.9 People's Republic of China 92
3.4.8.10 People's Republic of Vietnam 93
3.4.8.11 Philippines 93
3.4.8.12 Republic of (South) Korea 94
3.4.8.13 Taiwan 94
3.4.8.14 Thailand 94
3.4.9 Australasia 95
3.4.9.1 Australia 95
3.4.9.2 New Zealand 96
3.4.9.3 Antarctica 96
4 Coal as a Substance 97
4.1 Physical Description of Coal 97
4.1.1 Macroscopic Description of Coal 97
4.1.1.1 Humic Coals 97
4.1.1.2 Sapropelic Coals 101
4.1.2 Microscopic Description of Coal 102
4.1.3 Mineral Content of Coals 106
4.1.4 Coal Petrography 113
4.2 Coalification (Rank) 116
4.2.1 Coalification 116
4.2.2 Causes of Coalification 118
4.2.2.1 Temperature 120
4.2.2.2 Time 120
4.2.2.3 Pressure 120
4.2.2.4 Radioactivity 121
4.3 Coal Quality 121
4.3.1 Chemical Properties of Coal 122
4.3.1.1 Basis of Analytical Data 122
4.3.1.2 Proximate Analysis 123
4.3.1.3 Ultimate Analysis 125
4.3.1.4 Other Analysis 126
4.3.2 Combustion Properties of Coal 127
4.3.2.1 Calorific Value 127
4.3.2.2 Ash Fusion Temperatures 128
4.3.2.3 Caking Tests 128
4.3.2.4 Coking Tests 129
4.3.3 Physical Properties of Coal 131
4.3.3.1 Mechanical Strength 131
4.3.3.2 Density 132
4.3.3.3 Hardness and Grindability 132
4.3.3.4 Abrasion Index 133
4.3.3.5 Particle Size Distribution 133
4.3.3.6 Float-Sink Tests 133
4.3.4 Coal Oxidation 135
4.4 Classification of Coals 136
4.4.1 North America 136
4.4.2 United Kingdom 136
[...]ope 137
4.4.4 Australia 146
4.4.5 South Africa 146
4.4.6 United Nations 146
4.4.7 Russia 148
4.4.8 People's Republic of China 149
5 Coal Sampling and Analysis 151
5.1 Coal Sampling 151
5.1.1 In-Situ Coal Sampling 151
5.1.1.1 Grab Samples 151
5.1.1.2 Channel Samples 151
5.1.1.3 Pillar Samples 154
5.1.1.4 Core Samples 154
5.1.1.5 Cuttings Samples 155
5.1.1.6 Specimen Samples 155
5.1.1.7 Bulk Samples 156
5.1.1.8 Sample Storage 156
5.1.2 Ex-Situ Sampling 157
5.2 Coal Analysis 162
5.2.1 Outcrop/Core Samples 162
5.2.2 Bulk Samples 162
5.2.3 Ex-Situ Samples 162
6 Coal Exploration and Data Collection 169
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Field Techniques 169
6.2.1 Outcrop Mapping 172
6.2.2 Global Positioning System 179
6.2.3 Portable Personal Computers 179
6.2.4 Remote Sensing 180
6.2.4.1 Satellite Imagery 180
6.2.4.2 Airborne Imagery 181
6.3 Drilling 183
6.3.1 Openhole Drilling 184
6.3.2 Core Drilling 188
6.3.3 Portable Drilling 189
6.3.4 Core and Openhole Logging 190
6.3.4.1 Core Logging 190
6.3.4.2 Openhole Logging 193
6.4 Geotechnical Properties 194
6.4.1 Strength 195
6.4.2 Weathering 196
6.4.3 Texture and Structure 196
6.4.4 Colour 196
6.4.5 Grain Size 198
6.4.6 Total Core Recovery 198
6.4.7 Solid Core Recovery 198
6.4.8 Rock Quality Designation 198
6.4.9 Fracture Spacing Index 198
6.4.10 Fracture Logging 199
6.4.11 Rock Mass Rating 201
6.5 Computer Applications 201
7 Coal Resources and Reserves 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Coal Resources and Reserves Classification 208
7.2.1 Australia 209
7.2.1.1 Coal Resources 209
7.2.1.2 Coal Reserves 211
7.2.2 Canada 211
[...]ope (Including the UK) 212
7.2.4 South Africa 213
7.2.5 United Nations 213
7.2.6 United States of America 216
7.2.7 Russian Federation 219
7.2.8 People's Republic of China 222
7.2.9 India 222
7.2.10 Other Countries 224
7.3 Reporting of Resources/Reserves 225
7.3.1 Coal Resources and Reserves 225
7.3.2 Coal Resources and Reserves Maps 226
7.3.3 Calculation of Coal Resources 227
7.3.3.1 In-Situ Tonnage Calculations 227
7.3.3.2 Geostatistics and Computer Modelling 229
7.3.3.3 Opencast Coal Mining 232
7.3.3.4 Geological Losses 233
7.3.3.5 Reserves Reporting 235
7.3.3.6 Reserve Economics 235
7.4 World Coal Reserves and Production 235
7.4.1 World Coal Reserves 235
7.4.2 World Coal Production 237
7.4.2.1 Coal Production Statistics 237
7.4.2.2 Regional Production and Consumption 241
7.4.2.3 Reserves/Production Ratio 242
8 Geophysics of Coal 243
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Physical Properties of Coal-Bearing Sequences 244
8.2.1 Density 244
8.2.2 Seismic Velocity 244
8.2.3 Seismic Reflection Coefficients 245
8.2.4 Magnetic Susceptibility 245
8.2.5 Electrical Conductivity 245
8.2.6 Radiometric Properties 245
8.3 Surface Geophysical Methods 246
8.3.1 Seismic Surveys 246
8.3.1.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys 246
8.3.1.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys 256
8.3.1.3 Passive Seismic Surveys 257
8.3.2 Gravity Surveys 257
8.3.3 Magnetic Surveys 259
8.3.4 Electrical Methods 262
8.3.4.1 Electrical Resistivity Methods 262
8.3.4.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar Methods 262
8.3.4.3 Electromagnetic Surveys 263
8.3.5 Radioactive Methods 264
8.4 Underground Geophysical Methods 264
8.4.1 In-Seam Seismic Surveys 264
8.4.2 Underground Gravity Surveys 269
8.4.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar Techniques 269
8.5 Geophysical Borehole Logging 269
8.5.1 Radiation Logs 271
8.5.1.1 Gamma-Ray Log 271
8.5.1.2 Density Log 273
8.5.1.3 Neutron Log 274
8.5.1.4 Gamma Spectrometry 276
...| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Einzelne Wirtschaftszweige |
| Genre: | Importe, Wirtschaft |
| Rubrik: | Recht & Wirtschaft |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: | 536 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119424130 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119424135 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: | Thomas, Larry |
| Auflage: | 3rd edition |
| Hersteller: | Wiley |
| Maße: | 257 x 183 x 28 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Larry Thomas |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 19.10.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 1,098 kg |
LARRY THOMAS graduated from the University of Wales with a Ph.D in coalfield sedimentology, and has since been associated with the geology, exploration and mining of coal for over 50 years, and has produced a number of technical papers, maps and reports on coal deposits worldwide. He is a director of Dargo Associates Ltd., an international coal consultancy, involved in assessment of coal resources and coal utilisation in many parts of the world for both mining operations, fuel for electricity generation and for project financing.
Preface to Third Edition xv
Preface to Second Edition xvii
Preface to First Edition xix
List of Acronyms xxi
1 Preview 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Coal Geology 1
1.3 Coal Use 2
1.4 Background 2
2 Origin of Coal 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Sedimentation of Coal and Coal-Bearing Sequences 5
2.2.1 Depositional Models 5
2.2.2 The Traditional Model 6
2.2.2.1 Prodelta and Delta Front Facies 8
2.2.2.2 Lower Delta Plain Facies 8
2.2.2.3 Upper Delta Plain Facies 11
2.2.2.4 Fluvial Facies 11
2.2.3 Modern Peat Analogues 11
2.2.3.1 Palaeobotanical Composition of Ancient Mires 19
2.2.3.2 Case Studies 24
2.2.4 Sequence Stratigraphy 25
2.2.5 Facies Correlation 27
2.2.6 Facies Maps 29
2.2.6.1 Seam Splitting 31
2.2.6.2 Washouts 34
2.2.6.3 Floor Rolls 34
2.2.6.4 Coal Seam Thickness Variations 35
2.2.6.5 Interburden/Overburden Thickness 37
2.2.6.6 Coal Seam Quality Variations 38
2.3 Structural Effects on Coal 40
2.3.1 Syndepositional Effects 40
2.3.1.1 Microstructural Effects 40
2.3.1.2 Macrostructural Effects 41
2.3.2 Post-Depositional Effects 44
2.3.2.1 Jointing/Cleats in Coal 44
2.3.2.2 Faulting 45
2.3.2.3 Folding 50
2.3.2.4 Igneous Associations 52
2.3.2.5 Mineral Precipitates 53
3 Age and Occurrence of Coal 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Plate Tectonics 57
3.3 Stratigraphy 61
3.4 Age and Geographical Distribution of Coal 64
3.4.1 United States of America 67
3.4.2 Canada 74
[...]ope 75
3.4.3.1 Albania 75
3.4.3.2 Austria 75
3.4.3.3 Belgium 75
3.4.3.4 Bosnia 75
3.4.3.5 Bulgaria 75
3.4.3.6 Czech Republic 75
3.4.3.7 Denmark 76
3.4.3.8 France 76
3.4.3.9 Germany 76
3.4.3.10 Georgia 76
3.4.3.11 Greece 77
3.4.3.12 Greenland 77
3.4.3.13 Holland 77
3.4.3.14 Hungary 77
3.4.3.15 Ireland 77
3.4.3.16 Italy 77
3.4.3.17 Kosovo 77
3.4.3.18 Montenegro 78
3.4.3.19 Poland 78
3.4.3.20 Portugal 78
3.4.3.21 Romania 78
3.4.3.22 Serbia 78
3.4.3.23 Spain 79
3.4.3.24 Spitzbergen 79
3.4.3.25 Sweden 79
3.4.3.26 Turkey 79
3.4.3.27 United Kingdom 79
3.4.4 Africa 80
3.4.4.1 Angola 80
3.4.4.2 Botswana 80
3.4.4.3 Cameroon 81
3.4.4.4 Egypt 81
3.4.4.5 Ethiopia 81
3.4.4.6 Malagasy Republic 81
3.4.4.7 Malawi 81
3.4.4.8 Mali 81
3.4.4.9 Morocco 81
3.4.4.10 Mozambique 82
3.4.4.11 Namibia 82
3.4.4.12 Niger 82
3.4.4.13 Nigeria 82
3.4.4.14 South Africa 82
3.4.4.15 Swaziland 83
3.4.4.16 Tanzania 83
3.4.4.17 Zaire 83
3.4.4.18 Zambia 83
3.4.4.19 Zimbabwe 83
3.4.5 The Indian Subcontinent 84
3.4.5.1 Afghanistan 84
3.4.5.2 Bangladesh 84
3.4.5.3 India 84
3.4.5.4 Iran 85
3.4.5.5 Pakistan 85
3.4.6 Central and South America 85
3.4.6.1 Argentina 85
3.4.6.2 Bolivia 86
3.4.6.3 Brazil 86
3.4.6.4 Chile 86
3.4.6.5 Colombia 87
3.4.6.6 Costa Rica 87
3.4.6.7 Ecuador 87
3.4.6.8 Mexico 87
3.4.6.9 Peru 87
3.4.6.10 Uruguay 88
3.4.6.11 Venezuela 88
3.4.7 Commonwealth of Independent States 88
3.4.7.1 Kazakhstan 88
3.4.7.2 Russian Federation 88
3.4.7.3 Tajikistan 89
3.4.7.4 Ukraine 89
3.4.7.5 Uzbekistan 89
3.4.8 Far East 89
3.4.8.1 Brunei 89
3.4.8.2 Democratic Republic of (North) Korea 90
3.4.8.3 Indonesia 90
3.4.8.4 Japan 91
3.4.8.5 Laos 91
3.4.8.6 Malaysia 91
3.4.8.7 Mongolia 91
3.4.8.8 Myanmar (Burma) 92
3.4.8.9 People's Republic of China 92
3.4.8.10 People's Republic of Vietnam 93
3.4.8.11 Philippines 93
3.4.8.12 Republic of (South) Korea 94
3.4.8.13 Taiwan 94
3.4.8.14 Thailand 94
3.4.9 Australasia 95
3.4.9.1 Australia 95
3.4.9.2 New Zealand 96
3.4.9.3 Antarctica 96
4 Coal as a Substance 97
4.1 Physical Description of Coal 97
4.1.1 Macroscopic Description of Coal 97
4.1.1.1 Humic Coals 97
4.1.1.2 Sapropelic Coals 101
4.1.2 Microscopic Description of Coal 102
4.1.3 Mineral Content of Coals 106
4.1.4 Coal Petrography 113
4.2 Coalification (Rank) 116
4.2.1 Coalification 116
4.2.2 Causes of Coalification 118
4.2.2.1 Temperature 120
4.2.2.2 Time 120
4.2.2.3 Pressure 120
4.2.2.4 Radioactivity 121
4.3 Coal Quality 121
4.3.1 Chemical Properties of Coal 122
4.3.1.1 Basis of Analytical Data 122
4.3.1.2 Proximate Analysis 123
4.3.1.3 Ultimate Analysis 125
4.3.1.4 Other Analysis 126
4.3.2 Combustion Properties of Coal 127
4.3.2.1 Calorific Value 127
4.3.2.2 Ash Fusion Temperatures 128
4.3.2.3 Caking Tests 128
4.3.2.4 Coking Tests 129
4.3.3 Physical Properties of Coal 131
4.3.3.1 Mechanical Strength 131
4.3.3.2 Density 132
4.3.3.3 Hardness and Grindability 132
4.3.3.4 Abrasion Index 133
4.3.3.5 Particle Size Distribution 133
4.3.3.6 Float-Sink Tests 133
4.3.4 Coal Oxidation 135
4.4 Classification of Coals 136
4.4.1 North America 136
4.4.2 United Kingdom 136
[...]ope 137
4.4.4 Australia 146
4.4.5 South Africa 146
4.4.6 United Nations 146
4.4.7 Russia 148
4.4.8 People's Republic of China 149
5 Coal Sampling and Analysis 151
5.1 Coal Sampling 151
5.1.1 In-Situ Coal Sampling 151
5.1.1.1 Grab Samples 151
5.1.1.2 Channel Samples 151
5.1.1.3 Pillar Samples 154
5.1.1.4 Core Samples 154
5.1.1.5 Cuttings Samples 155
5.1.1.6 Specimen Samples 155
5.1.1.7 Bulk Samples 156
5.1.1.8 Sample Storage 156
5.1.2 Ex-Situ Sampling 157
5.2 Coal Analysis 162
5.2.1 Outcrop/Core Samples 162
5.2.2 Bulk Samples 162
5.2.3 Ex-Situ Samples 162
6 Coal Exploration and Data Collection 169
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Field Techniques 169
6.2.1 Outcrop Mapping 172
6.2.2 Global Positioning System 179
6.2.3 Portable Personal Computers 179
6.2.4 Remote Sensing 180
6.2.4.1 Satellite Imagery 180
6.2.4.2 Airborne Imagery 181
6.3 Drilling 183
6.3.1 Openhole Drilling 184
6.3.2 Core Drilling 188
6.3.3 Portable Drilling 189
6.3.4 Core and Openhole Logging 190
6.3.4.1 Core Logging 190
6.3.4.2 Openhole Logging 193
6.4 Geotechnical Properties 194
6.4.1 Strength 195
6.4.2 Weathering 196
6.4.3 Texture and Structure 196
6.4.4 Colour 196
6.4.5 Grain Size 198
6.4.6 Total Core Recovery 198
6.4.7 Solid Core Recovery 198
6.4.8 Rock Quality Designation 198
6.4.9 Fracture Spacing Index 198
6.4.10 Fracture Logging 199
6.4.11 Rock Mass Rating 201
6.5 Computer Applications 201
7 Coal Resources and Reserves 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Coal Resources and Reserves Classification 208
7.2.1 Australia 209
7.2.1.1 Coal Resources 209
7.2.1.2 Coal Reserves 211
7.2.2 Canada 211
[...]ope (Including the UK) 212
7.2.4 South Africa 213
7.2.5 United Nations 213
7.2.6 United States of America 216
7.2.7 Russian Federation 219
7.2.8 People's Republic of China 222
7.2.9 India 222
7.2.10 Other Countries 224
7.3 Reporting of Resources/Reserves 225
7.3.1 Coal Resources and Reserves 225
7.3.2 Coal Resources and Reserves Maps 226
7.3.3 Calculation of Coal Resources 227
7.3.3.1 In-Situ Tonnage Calculations 227
7.3.3.2 Geostatistics and Computer Modelling 229
7.3.3.3 Opencast Coal Mining 232
7.3.3.4 Geological Losses 233
7.3.3.5 Reserves Reporting 235
7.3.3.6 Reserve Economics 235
7.4 World Coal Reserves and Production 235
7.4.1 World Coal Reserves 235
7.4.2 World Coal Production 237
7.4.2.1 Coal Production Statistics 237
7.4.2.2 Regional Production and Consumption 241
7.4.2.3 Reserves/Production Ratio 242
8 Geophysics of Coal 243
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Physical Properties of Coal-Bearing Sequences 244
8.2.1 Density 244
8.2.2 Seismic Velocity 244
8.2.3 Seismic Reflection Coefficients 245
8.2.4 Magnetic Susceptibility 245
8.2.5 Electrical Conductivity 245
8.2.6 Radiometric Properties 245
8.3 Surface Geophysical Methods 246
8.3.1 Seismic Surveys 246
8.3.1.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys 246
8.3.1.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys 256
8.3.1.3 Passive Seismic Surveys 257
8.3.2 Gravity Surveys 257
8.3.3 Magnetic Surveys 259
8.3.4 Electrical Methods 262
8.3.4.1 Electrical Resistivity Methods 262
8.3.4.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar Methods 262
8.3.4.3 Electromagnetic Surveys 263
8.3.5 Radioactive Methods 264
8.4 Underground Geophysical Methods 264
8.4.1 In-Seam Seismic Surveys 264
8.4.2 Underground Gravity Surveys 269
8.4.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar Techniques 269
8.5 Geophysical Borehole Logging 269
8.5.1 Radiation Logs 271
8.5.1.1 Gamma-Ray Log 271
8.5.1.2 Density Log 273
8.5.1.3 Neutron Log 274
8.5.1.4 Gamma Spectrometry 276
...| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Einzelne Wirtschaftszweige |
| Genre: | Importe, Wirtschaft |
| Rubrik: | Recht & Wirtschaft |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: | 536 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119424130 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119424135 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: | Thomas, Larry |
| Auflage: | 3rd edition |
| Hersteller: | Wiley |
| Maße: | 257 x 183 x 28 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Larry Thomas |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 19.10.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 1,098 kg |
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