BARBARA LICHNER INGRAM, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Pepperdine University in Los Angeles, California, where she has served on the faculty since 1978. She was instrumental to the creation of their APA-approved PsyD program in 1985 and continues to be an active participant in that endeavor.

List of Tables ix

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

Part One Case Formulation Skills 1

Chapter 1 A Framework for Clinical Case Formulations 3

Chapter 2 Gathering Data 19

Chapter 3 Defining Problems 41

Chapter 4 Setting Outcome Goals 61

Chapter 5 Organizing and Presenting the Database 73

Chapter 6 Creating the Formulation 87

Chapter 7 Writing the Treatment Plan 95

Part Two Thirty Core Clinical Hypotheses 111

Chapter 8 Crisis, Stressful Situations, Transitions, and Trauma 117

Chapter 9 Body and Emotions 157

Chapter 10 Cognitive Models 197

Chapter 11 Behavioral and Learning Models 225

Chapter 12 Existential and Spiritual Models 257

Chapter 13 Psychodynamic Models 289

Chapter 14 Social, Cultural, and Environmental Factors 331

Chapter 15 Practice, Practice, Practice 373

References 385

Appendix I Useful Charts 413

Appendix II Useful Forms 421

Appendix III Case Material for Practice 425

Appendix IV Answers and Samples for Activities 431

Author Index 461

Subject Index 473

List of Tables

Table 1.1 How to SOHP a Problem 6

Table 2.1 Four Frames for Exploring a Specific Problem 28

Table 2.2 The BASIC SID: An Adaptation of Lazarus's BASIC ID 29

Table 2.3 Metamodel Questions 33

Table 2.4 Suggested Data Topics for Three Problems 38

Table 3.1 Strengths and Weaknesses in Domains of Functioning 44

Table 4.1 Criteria for Good Outcome Statements 64

Table 5.1 Organizing the Subjective Section 85

Table 7.1 Components of Treatment Plan 96

Table 7.2 Plans That Focus on the Therapeutic Relationship 102

Table 8.1 Assessment of Suicide Risk 120

Table 8.2 Steps in Crisis Intervention 129

Table 9.1 Sample Problems for Biological Cause (BE1) Hypothesis 160

Table 9.2 Elements in the Self-Management of Chronic Disease 165

Table 9.3 Sample Problems for Mind-Body Connections (BE3) Hypothesis 179

Table 9.4 Techniques of Relaxation Training 181

Table 9.5 Sample Problems for the Emotional Focus (BE4) Hypothesis 189

Table 9.6 Therapeutic Strategies for Awareness and Processing of Emotions 191

Table 10.1 Underlying Schemas for Disorders and Problems 210

Table 10.2 Sample Errors in Thinking 216

Table 10.3 Sample Problems for Dysfunctional Self-Talk (CS4) Hypothesis 221

Table 10.4 Steps in Treatment to Modify Self-Talk 222

Table 11.1 Samples of Disorders Treated With Operant Interventions 235

Table 11.2 Behavior Change Strategies Using Operant Learning Principles 236

Table 11.3 Examples of Disorders Treated With Exposure Interventions 242

Table 11.4 Examples of Skills-Training Domains 250

Table 12.1 Sample Problems for Existential Issues (ES1) Hypothesis 263

Table 12.2 Sample Problems for Freedom and Responsibility (ES2) Hypothesis 274

Table 12.3 Stages of Self-Directed Responsible Action 277

Table 12.4 Sample Problems for Spiritual Domain (ES3) Hypothesis 282

Table 13.1 Sample Problems for Internal Parts (P1) Hypothesis 292

Table 13.2 Sample Problems for Recurrent Pattern (P2) Hypothesis 305

Table 13.3 Examples of Empirically Supported Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapies 309

Table 13.4 Stages of Development of Self and Relational Capacities 313

Table 13.5 Mature Relational Capacities 315

Table 13.6 Sample Problems for Deficits in Self and Relational Capacities (P3) Hypothesis 319

Table 14.1 Family Systems Concepts 333

Table 14.2 Working With Couples 339

Table 14.3 Using Family System Concepts in Individual Therapy 340

Table 14.4 Issues of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning, and Intersex Clients 345