Rafael Sacks is Professor of Construction Management in the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and Head of the National Building Research Institute. He has taught BIM extensively at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, and is the founder and leader of the BIM and Virtual Construction Laboratory at the Technion.

Ghang Lee is Professor and Director of the Building Informatics Group (BIG) in the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea.

Luciana Burdi is Chief Infrastructure Officer for the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport). She has been a pioneering figure in the integration and implemen­tation of BIM within the public sector in the USA. Since 2004 she has strategically guided multiple organizations through the complexities of BIM adoption and advocated for the transformative potential of Digital Technologies in the design and construction of major public MegaProjects. She is also an Adjunct Professor at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Worcester MA, USA.

Marzia Bolpagni is Associate Director and Head of BIM International at Mace in London, UK. She is also Visiting Professor at Northumbria University and Honorary Associate Professor at University College London, The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, UK.

Foreword xvii

Foreword to the First Edition by Jerry Laiserin xxi

Preface xxv

Acknowledgments xxxi

About the Companion Website xxxiii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.0 Executive Summary 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 AECO Business Models 2

1.2.1 Design- Bid- Build 4

1.2.2 Design- Build 7

1.2.3 Construction Management at Risk 7

1.2.4 Integrated Project Delivery and Other Collaborative Procurement Models 9

1.2.5 What Kind of Building Procurement Is Best When BIM Is Used? 11

1.3 BIM: State- of- the- Art Technologies and Processes 12

1.3.1 BIM Models 12

1.3.2 BIM Platforms and Tools 14

1.3.3 BIM Processes 14

1.3.4 Uses of BIM 17

1.3.5 Collaboration in Design and Construction 19

1.4 BIM as a Lifecycle Information Source for Built Facilities 20

1.5 What are the Benefits of BIM? What Problems Does it Address? 22

1.5.1 Preconstruction Benefits to Owner 22

1.5.2 Benefits for Architectural and Engineering Design 23

1.5.3 Construction and Fabrication Benefits 26

1.5.4 Post Construction Benefits 28

1.6 BIM and Lean Construction 28

1.7 What Challenges can be Expected? 31

1.7.1 Challenges with Collaboration and Teaming 31

1.7.2 Legal Changes to Documentation Ownership and Production 32

1.7.3 Changes in Practice and Use of Information 32

1.7.4 Implementation Issues 32

1.8 Future of Designing, Building, and Operating With BIM 34

1.9 Case Studies 34

Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 34

Chapter 2 Core BIM Enabling Technologies 37

2.0 Executive Summary 37

2.1 Introduction to Core BIM Enabling Technologies 38

2.2 The Evolution of Object- Based Parametric Modeling 39

2.2.1 Birth of 3D Feature- Based Modeling 39

2.2.2 Object- Based Modeling and Properties 42

2.2.3 Parametric Modeling and Object Behavior 45

2.2.4 BIM for Knowledge Embedment and Management 48

2.3 Interoperability and Interfacing Technologies 50

2.3.1 Causes of Interoperability Problems 52

2.3.2 Information Requirements and Data Schemas on Three Levels 53

2.3.3 Different Kinds of Data Exchange Methods 55

2.3.4 Interfacing Technologies 58

2.4 From File- Based Data Exchange to Object- Based Project Management and Collaboration 62

2.4.1 Advent of BIM Servers 62

2.4.2 Project Transactions and Synchronization 63

2.5 BIM Standards 68

2.5.1 Standardization Efforts and Organizations 68

2.5.2 Information Framework Standards 70

2.5.3 Information Management and Requirements Standards 82

Chapter 2 Discussion Questions 92

Chapter 3 BIM Tools, Platforms, and Environments 93

3.0 Executive Summary 93

3.1 BIM Environments, Platforms, and Tools 94

3.2 BIM Platforms 96

3.2.1 Considerations for Selecting BIM Platforms 97

3.2.2 Allplan 100

3.2.3 Archicad 101

3.2.4 Digital Project, CATIA, and 3DExperience 102

3.2.5 OpenBuildings Designer 104

3.2.6 Revit 105

3.2.7 Tekla Structures 107

3.2.8 Vectorworks Design Suite 108

3.2.9 AutoCAD- Based Applications 109

3.3 BIM Servers 110

3.3.1 Functionality of BIM Servers 111

3.3.2 BIM Server Products 114

3.4 Design Review and Collaboration Tools 117

3.4.1 Model Viewers 118

3.4.2 Real- Time Rendering for Extended Reality 119

3.4.3 Project Collaboration 120

3.4.4 Model Checkers 121

3.5 Construction Management Tools 126

Chapter 3 Discussion Questions 128

Chapter 4 BIM for Owners and Facility Managers 129

4.0 Executive Summary 129

4.1 Introduction: Why Owners Should Care About BIM 130

4.2 Owner's Role in a BIM Project 134

4.2.1 Design Assessment 134

4.2.2 Complexity of Building Infrastructure and Building Environment 139

4.2.3 Time to Market: Schedule Management 140

4.2.4 Cost Management and Project Control 144

4.2.5 Sustainability 146

4.2.6 Facility and Information Asset Management 147

4.2.7 BIM and the Public Procurement Process 149

4.3 BIM Tool Guides for Owners 150

4.3.1 BIM Cost Estimating Tools 153

4.3.2 Facility and Asset Management Tools 153

4.3.3 Operation Simulation Tools 155

4.4 An Owner and Facility Manager's Building Model 155

4.4.1 Information Content of BIM-FM Model 155

4.4.2 Alternative Approaches to Creating a BIM-FM Model 161

4.4.3 Classification of Model Data and Standards 164

4.5 Leading the BIM Implementation on a Project 166

4.5.1 Develop Guidelines for Use of BIM on Projects 167

4.5.2 Build Internal Leadership and Knowledge 170

4.5.3 Service Provider Selection 171

4.5.4 Provide for Use of a "Big Room" for Design and Construction 173

4.5.5 Adopt and Specify a CDE 174

4.6 Challenges for BIM Implementation: Risks and Common Myths 175

4.7 Considerations for Owners When Adopting BIM 179

4.7.1 Perform a Pilot Project with a Short Time Frame, a Small Qualified Team, and a Clear Goal 179

4.7.2 Do a Prototype Dry Run 179

4.7.3 Focus on Clear Business Goals 179

4.7.4 Select a Project Team That Has Demonstrated Prior BIM Experience 180

4.7.5 Establish Metrics to Assess Progress 180

4.7.6 Actively Participate in the BIM Effort 180

4.7.7 Increase Internal BIM Knowledge 181

4.8 BIM for FM Case Study- Korea Airports Corporation 181

4.8.1 A Digital Twin for Space Management 182

4.8.2 Real-time Air Traffic Monitoring 182

4.8.3 Real-time Passenger Monitoring 185

4.8.4 Information Quality Checking 185

4.8.5 Inspection and Repair Management 185

Chapter 4 Discussion Questions 187

Chapter 5 BIM for Architects and Engineers 189

5.0 Executive Summary 189

5.1 Introduction 191

5.2 Impact of BIM on Design Services 194

5.3 BIM Use in Design and Engineering Processes 196

5.3.1 Conceptual Design 197

5.3.2 Design Development 215

5.3.3 Prefabrication 224

5.3.4 Construction Documentation 224

5.3.5 Design Review 230

5.3.6 Drawing Generation and Document Production 234

5.4 Building Object Models and Libraries 237

5.4.1 Embedding Expertise into Building Components 238

5.4.2 Object Libraries 240

5.4.3 BIM Object Portals 243

5.5 Considerations in Adoption for Design Practice 243

5.5.1 Justification for Information Modeling Cost 244

5.5.2 From Conceptual Design to Construction 246

5.6 Generative Design: The Yeosu- Namhae Underwater Tunnel 248

5.7 Advanced Delivery of Structural Design Information: Nine The Esplanade, Elizabeth Quay Project 251

5.7.1 Conventional Delivery of Construction Information 253

5.7.2 Advanced Delivery of Construction Information 253

5.7.3 BIM Process 254

5.7.4 The Impact 257

Chapter 5 Discussion Questions 258

Chapter 6 BIM for Contractors 261

6.0 Executive Summary 261

6.1 Introduction 264

6.2 Types of Construction Firms 264

6.3 Information Contractors Want From BIM 266

6.4 BIM-Enabled Process Change 268

6.4.1 Virtual Construction 268

6.4.2 Leaner Construction 269

6.4.3 Paperless Construction 271

6.4.4 Increased Distribution of Work 271

6.4.5 Digital Twin Construction 273

6.5 Developing a Construction Building Information Model 273

6.5.1 BIM for Tendering 276

6.5.2 Product and Process Detailing 276

6.5.3 Big Room Colocation 280

6.5.4 Using a Contractor Building Information Model 282

6.6 3D: Visualization and Coordination 283

6.7 4D: Construction Analysis and Planning 287

6.7.1 4D Models to Support Construction Planning 288

6.7.2 Benefits of 4D Models 289

6.7.3 BIM Tools with 4D Capability 292

6.7.4 BIM-Supported Planning and Scheduling Issues and Guidelines 296

6.8 5D: Quantity Takeoff and Cost Estimating 297

6.8.1 Extracting Quantities from BIM Models for Estimating 298

6.8.2 Guidelines and BIM Implementation Issues to Support Quantity Takeoff and Estimating 300

6.9 Production Planning and Control 302

6.10 Off-Site Fabrication and Modular Construction 304

6.11 BIM in the Field 306

6.11.1 Delivering Design Information to the Field 306

6.11.2 Coordinating Production 310

6.11.3 Surveying Site Conditions 311

6.11.4 Monitoring Construction Progress 316

6.12 Cost and Schedule Control and Other Management Functions 318

6.13 Commissioning and Turnover 321

Chapter 6 Discussion Questions 322

Chapter 7 BIM for Subcontractors and Fabricators 325

7.0 Executive Summary 325

7.1 Introduction 326

7.2 Types of Subcontractors and Fabricators 328

7.2.1 Subcontractor Trades 329

7.2.2 Made-to-Stock and Made-to-Order Component Suppliers 331

7.2.3 Engineered- to-Order Component Fabricators 332

7.2.4 Design Service Providers and Specialist Coordinators 333

7.2.5 Full-Service Design-Build Prefabricated and Modular Construction 334

7.2.6 Design for Manufacture 334

7.3 The Benefits of a BIM Process for Subcontractor Fabricators 335

7.3.1 Marketing and Tendering 337

7.3.2 Reduced Production Cycle Times 338

7.3.3 Fewer Design Coordination Errors 339

7.3.4 Lower Engineering and Detailing Costs 343

7.3.5 Increased Use of Automated Manufacturing Technologies 344

7.3.6 Increased Preassembly, Prefabrication, and Modular Construction 346

7.3.7 Quality Control, Supply Chain...