Gülistan Gürbey is Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

Sabine Hofmann is Researcher and Associate Lecturer at Freie Universität Berlin, at Philipps Universität Marburg, and at Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany.

Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder is Professor emeritus at Freie Universität Berlin, and Universität Erfurt, Germany.

Examines causes, constraints, motives, capability and capacities of Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine's foreign policies

Offers a better understanding of paradiplomatic activities of de facto states as non-state actors

Explores how and why both de facto states develop paradiplomatic activities and relations

Chapter 1: Introduction.- PART I: The Rise of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Kurdistan-Iraq's Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Palestine's Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- PART II: The foundations of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 4: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Kurdistan Iraq's Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 5: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Palestine's Paradiplomacy.- PART III: Paradiplomacy in Practise (selected relations).- Chapter 6: Palestine and USA.- Chapter 7: Kurdistan-Iraq and EU.- Chapter 8: Palestine and EU.- Chapter 9: Palestine and Russia.- Chapter 10: Kurdistan-Iraq and China.- Chapter 11: Palestine and China.- Chapter 12: Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey.- Chapter 13: Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran.- Chapter 14: Palestine and Iran.- Chapter 15: Conclusion.