EMMANUEL VINCENT is a Senior Research Scientist with Inria, Nancy, France. His research focuses on machine learning for speech and audio signal processing. He has been working on audio source separation for 15 years and co-authored over 180 publications in this field. His contributions include harmonic nonnegative matrix factorization, full-rank spatial covariance modeling, joint spatial/spectral estimation, deep learning based multichannel source separation, and objective performance metrics. He has given several keynotes, tutorials and summer school lectures, including at Interspeech 2012 and 2016, WASPAA 2015 and LVA/ICA 2015. He is a founding chair of the series of Signal Separation Evaluation Campaigns (SiSEC) and CHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenges and the chair of ISCA's special interest group on Robust Speech Processing.

TUOMAS VIRTANEN is a Professor with the Laboratory of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Finland, where he is leading the Audio Research Group. He is known for his pioneering work on single-channel sound source separation using nonnegative matrix factorization, and its application to noise-robust speech recognition, music content analysis, and sound event detection. His research interests also include content analysis and processing of audio signals in general. He has authored more than 170 publications and received four best paper awards. He is an IEEE Senior Member, a member of the Audio and Acoustic Signal Processing Technical Committee of IEEE Signal Processing Society, Associate Editor of IEEE/ACM Transaction on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, and recipient of the ERC 2014 Starting Grant.

SHARON GANNOT is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Israel, where he is heading the Speech and Signal Processing laboratory and the Signal Processing Track. His research interests include multi-microphone speech processing; distributed algorithms for noise reduction and speaker separation; array processing on manifold; dereverberation; single-microphone speech enhancement; and speaker localization and tracking. He received the Bar-Ilan University's Outstanding Lecturer Award for 2010 and 2014 and the Bar-Ilan Rector Innovation in Research Award in 2018. He has co-authored over 200 publications and lectured tutorials at ICASSP 2012, EUSIPCO 2012, ICASSP 2013, and EUSIPCO 2013 and a keynote address at IWAENC 2012. He was a co-editor of the book Speech Processing in Modern Communication: Challenges and Perspectives (Springer, 2012). He also served as an Associate Editor and a Senior Area Chair of the IEEE Transactions on Speech, Audio and Language Processing. He currently serves as the Chair of the IEEE Audio and Acoustic Signal Processing (AASP) Technical Committee.

List of Authors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgment xxiii Notations xxv Acronyms xxix About the Companion Website xxxi Part I Prerequisites 1 1 Introduction 3Emmanuel Vincent, Sharon Gannot, and Tuomas Virtanen 1.1 Why are Source Separation and Speech Enhancement Needed? 3 1.2 What are the Goals of Source Separation and Speech Enhancement? 4 1.3 How can Source Separation and Speech Enhancement be Addressed? 9 1.4 Outline 11 Bibliography 12 2 Time-Frequency Processing: Spectral Properties 15Tuomas Virtanen, Emmanuel Vincent, and Sharon Gannot 2.1 Time-Frequency Analysis and Synthesis 15 2.2 Source Properties in the Time-Frequency Domain 23 2.3 Filtering in the Time-Frequency Domain 25 2.4 Summary 28 Bibliography 28 3 Acoustics: Spatial Properties 31Emmanuel Vincent, Sharon Gannot, and Tuomas Virtanen 3.1 Formalization of the Mixing Process 31 3.2 Microphone Recordings 32 3.3 Artificial Mixtures 36 3.4 Impulse Response Models 37 3.5 Summary 43 Bibliography 43 4 Multichannel Source Activity Detection, Localization, and Tracking 47Pasi Pertilä, Alessio Brutti, Piergiorgio Svaizer, and Maurizio Omologo 4.1 Basic Notions in Multichannel Spatial Audio 47 4.2 Multi-Microphone Source Activity Detection 52 4.3 Source Localization 54 4.4 Summary 60 Bibliography 60 Part II Single-Channel Separation and Enhancement 65

5 Spectral Masking and Filtering 67Timo Gerkmann and Emmanuel Vincent 5.1 Time-Frequency Masking 67 5.2 Mask Estimation Given the Signal Statistics 70 5.3 Perceptual Improvements 81 5.4 Summary 82 Bibliography 83 6 Single-Channel Speech Presence Probability Estimation and Noise Tracking 87Rainer Martin and Israel Cohen 6.1 Speech Presence Probability and its Estimation 87 6.2 Noise Power Spectrum Tracking 93 6.3 Evaluation Measures 102 6.4 Summary 104 Bibliography 104 7 Single-Channel Classification and Clustering Approaches 107FelixWeninger, Jun Du, Erik Marchi, and Tian Gao 7.1 Source Separation by Computational Auditory Scene Analysis 108 7.2 Source Separation by Factorial HMMs 111 7.3 Separation Based Training 113 7.4 Summary 125 Bibliography 125 8 Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 131Roland Badeau and Tuomas Virtanen 8.1 NMF and Source Separation 131 8.2 NMF Theory and Algorithms 137 8.3 NMF Dictionary LearningMethods 145 8.4 Advanced NMF Models 148 8.5 Summary 156 Bibliography 156 9 Temporal Extensions of Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 161Cédric Févotte, Paris Smaragdis, NasserMohammadiha, and Gautham J.Mysore 9.1 Convolutive NMF 161 9.2 Overview of DynamicalModels 169 9.3 Smooth NMF 170 9.4 Nonnegative State-Space Models 174 9.5 Discrete DynamicalModels 178 9.6 The Use of DynamicModels in Source Separation 182 9.7 Which Model to Use? 183 9.8 Summary 184 9.9 Standard Distributions 184 Bibliography 185 Part III Multichannel Separation and Enhancement 189 10 Spatial Filtering 191Shmulik Markovich-Golan,Walter Kellermann, and Sharon Gannot 10.1 Fundamentals of Array Processing 192 10.2 Array Topologies 197 10.3 Data-Independent Beamforming 199 10.4 Data-Dependent Spatial Filters: Design Criteria 202 10.5 Generalized Sidelobe Canceler Implementation 209 10.6 Postfilters 210 10.7 Summary 211 Bibliography 212 11 Multichannel Parameter Estimation 219Shmulik Markovich-Golan,Walter Kellermann, and Sharon Gannot 11.1 Multichannel Speech Presence Probability Estimators 219 11.2 Covariance Matrix Estimators Exploiting SPP 227 11.3 Methods forWeakly Guided and Strongly Guided RTF Estimation 228 11.4 Summary 231 Bibliography 231 12 Multichannel Clustering and Classification Approaches 235Michael I.Mandel, Shoko Araki, and Tomohiro Nakatani 12.1 Two-Channel Clustering 236 12.2 Multichannel Clustering 244 12.3 Multichannel Classification 251 12.4 Spatial Filtering Based on Masks 255 12.5 Summary 257 Bibliography 258 13 Independent Component and Vector Analysis 263Hiroshi Sawada and Zbyn¿ek Koldovský 13.1 Convolutive Mixtures and their Time-Frequency Representations 264 13.2 Frequency-Domain Independent Component Analysis 265 13.3 Independent Vector Analysis 279 13.4 Example 280 13.5 Summary 284 Bibliography 284 14 Gaussian Model Based Multichannel Separation 289Alexey Ozerov and Hirokazu Kameoka 14.1 Gaussian Modeling 289 14.2 Library of Spectral and SpatialModels 295 14.3 Parameter Estimation Criteria and Algorithms 300 14.4 Detailed Presentation of Some Methods 305 14.5 Summary 312 Acknowledgment 312 Bibliography 312 15 Dereverberation 317Emanuël A.P. Habets and Patrick A. Naylor 15.1 Introduction to Dereverberation 317 15.2 Reverberation Cancellation Approaches 319 15.3 Reverberation Suppression Approaches 329 15.4 Direct Estimation 335 15.5 Evaluation of Dereverberation 336 15.6 Summary 337 Bibliography 337 Part IV Application Scenarios and Perspectives 345 16 Applying Source Separation to Music 347Bryan Pardo, Antoine Liutkus, Zhiyao Duan, and Gaël Richard 16.1 Challenges and Opportunities 348 16.2 Nonnegative Matrix Factorization in the Case of Music 349 16.3 Taking Advantage of the Harmonic Structure of Music 354 16.4 Nonparametric Local Models: Taking Advantage of Redundancies in Music 358 16.5 Taking Advantage of Multiple Instances 363 16.6 Interactive Source Separation 367 16.7 Crowd-Based Evaluation 367 16.8 Some Examples of Applications 368 16.9 Summary 370 Bibliography 370 17 Application of Source Separation to Robust Speech Analysis and Recognition 377ShinjiWatanabe, Tuomas Virtanen, and Dorothea Kolossa 17.1 Challenges and Opportunities 377 17.2 Applications 380 17.3 Robust Speech Analysis and Recognition 390 17.4 Integration of Front-End and Back-End 397 17.5 Use of Multimodal Information with Source Separation 403 17.6 Summary 404 Bibliography 405 18 Binaural Speech Processing with Application to Hearing Devices 413Simon Doclo, Sharon Gannot, Daniel Marquardt, and Elior Hadad 18.1 Introduction to Binaural Processing 413 18.2 Binaural Hearing 415 18.3 Binaural Noise Reduction Paradigms 416 18.4 The Binaural Noise Reduction Problem 420 18.5 Extensions for Diffuse Noise 425 18.6 Extensions for Interfering Sources 431 18.7 Summary 437 Bibliography 437 19 Perspectives 443Emmanuel Vincent, Tuomas Virtanen, and Sharon Gannot 19.1 Advancing Deep Learning 443 19.2 Exploiting Phase Relationships 447 19.3 AdvancingMultichannel Processing 450 19.4 Addressing Multiple-Device Scenarios 453 19.5 TowardsWidespread Commercial Use 455 Acknowledgment 457 Bibliography 457 Index 465