Preface vii

References xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Optical Transceivers 1

1.2 Modulation Formats 5

1.3 Transmission Modes 12

References 20

2 Optical Fibers 25

2.1 Loss and Bandwidth 25

2.2 Dispersion 29

2.3 Nonlinearities 34

2.4 Pulse Spreading due to Chromatic Dispersion 37

2.5 Summary 40

Problems 41

References 42

3 Photodetectors 45

3.1 pin Photodetector 46

3.2 Avalanche Photodetector 60

3.3 pin Detector with Optical Preamplifier 67

3.4 Integrated Photodetectors 78

3.5 Detectors for Phase-Modulated Optical Signals 86

3.6 Summary 94

Problems 96

References 97

4 Receiver Fundamentals 107

4.1 Receiver Model 108

4.2 Noise and Bit-Error Rate 110

4.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 116

4.4 Sensitivity 120

4.5 Noise Bandwidths and Personick Integrals 134

4.6 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio 138

4.7 Power Penalty 146

4.8 Inter-symbol Interference and Bandwidth 151

4.9 Frequency Response 162

4.10 Summary 167

Problems 168

References 171

5 Transimpedance Amplifier Specifications 177

5.1 Transimpedance 177

5.2 Input Overload Current 182

5.3 Maximum Input Current for Linear Operation 183

5.4 Bandwidth 184

5.5 Phase Linearity and Group Delay Variation 186

5.6 Timing Jitter 187

5.7 Input Referred Noise Current 187

5.8 Crosstalk 193

5.9 Product Examples 195

5.10 Summary 195

Problems 197

References 198

6 Basic Transimpedance Amplifier Design 201

6.1 Low and High Impedance Front Ends 202

6.2 Shunt Feedback TIA 205

6.3 Noise Analysis 224

6.4 Noise Optimization 236

6.5 Noise Matching 248

6.6 Summary 260

Problems 262

References 265

7 Advanced Transimpedance Amplifier Design I 271

7.1 TIA with Post Amplifier 271

7.2 TIA with Differential Inputs and Outputs 276

7.3 TIA with DC Input Current Control 281

7.4 TIA with Adaptive Transimpedance 284

7.5 Common Base and Common Gate TIAs 292

7.6 Regulated Cascode TIA 303

7.7 TIA with Inductive Broadbanding 311

7.8 Distributed Amplifier TIA 315

7.9 Summary 321

Problems 323

References 324

8 Advanced Transimpedance Amplifier Design II 331

8.1 TIA with Nonresistive Feedback 331

8.2 Current Mode TIA 337

8.3 TIA with Bootstrapped Photodetector 339

8.4 Burst Mode TIA 340

8.5 Analog Receiver TIA 347

8.6 Summary 351

Problems 352

References 352

9 Transimpedance Amplifier Circuit Examples 359

9.1 BJT, HBT, and BiCMOS Circuits 359

9.2 CMOS Circuits 366

9.3 MESFET and HFET Circuits 373

9.4 Summary 375

References 378

A Communication Signals 383

A.1 NonReturn-to-Zero Signal 384

A.2 Return-to-Zero Signal 387

A.3 Pulse Amplitude Modulated Signal 389

A.4 Analog Television Signal 391

A.5 Digital Television Signal 394

References 396

B Eye Diagrams 397

References 404

C Timing Jitter 405

C.1 Data Jitter 405

C.2 Clock Jitter 415

C.3 Jitter, Phase Noise, and BitError Rate 419

Problems