List of Maps
List of Illustrations
List of Figures, Graphs, and Tables
Acknowledgments
Introduction: The Idea of the Renaissance

Chapter One: Italy and Rome: From Roman Republic to Secondo Popolo (c. 500 BCE-1300 CE)

The Romanization of Italy

Invasion and Destruction
Early Migrations
Focus: Monte Cassino
Germanic Incursions

Cathedral and Monastery
The Authority of the Bishops
The Origins of Monastic Life

Emperor and Pope
The Development of the Holy Roman Empire
Gregory VII and the Drive for Papal Supremacy

Commerce and Reurbanization
Decline of the Roman Economy
Voices: How to Succeed in Business
The Flourishing of Maritime Trade
The Expansion of Trading Networks

The Communal Revolution
Alliance of the Magnates
Triumph of the Lombard League

The Coming of the Popolo
Merchant Guilds
Focus: The Battle of Legnano, 1176
Conflict between Pope and Emperor
The Rebellion of the Popolo

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Two: An Age of Republics (c. 1250-c. 1350)

Florence: Banking and Wool
Banking
Focus: Florence
Wool and the Wool Guilds
The Guilds and Civic Life
Revolt of the Ciompi
Focus: Venice

Venice: Shipbuilding and Trade
The Growth of Venice
Shipbuilding and the State
The Venetian Nobility

Urban Renewal: Walls, Buildings, and Spaces
Walls
Buildings
Vita Civile: Urban Culture in a Republican Age
The Jurists
The Secretaries
Voices: Yearning to Be Free

Dante and Giotto: Innovators before the Dawn of the Renaissance
Dante Alighieri
Giotto di Bondone
Voices: Petrarch’s Letter "To Posterity"

Boccaccio and Petrarch: Inaugurators of Renaissance Thought
Boccaccio
Petrarch

Republics and Principalities

The Black Death

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Three: Human Dignity and Humanist Studies: The Career of Humanism (c. 1350-c. 1530)

The Recovery of Classical Antiquity
Focus: Personal Space
Roman Works
Greek Works

The "Studies of Humanity"
The Idea of Humanist Education
Humanist Educational Treatises

The Dignity of Man
Giannozzo Manetti
Pico della Mirandola

Civic Humanism
Voices: Barbaro and Pico
Proposing New Values: Poggio and Valla
Praising the City: Bruni
Voices: Valla’s Logic

Women and Humanism
Early Female Humanists
Later Female Humanists: Nogarola, Cereta, Fedele
Voices: Women and Humanism in Renaissance Italy

Humanism, Philosophy, and Scholarship
Philosophy: Aristotle and Plato
Other Schools
Printing
Textual Scholarship

The Sociology of Humanism
Focus: Aldine Editions
Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Four: New Visions (c. 1350-c. 1530)

Breakthroughs in Style

Perspective: The Artful Construction of Reality

Patronage and Patrons
Types of Patronage
Focus: New Visions
Florence and Milan
Ferrara, Mantua, and Urbino
Music

Architecture and Urbanism
The Rediscovery of Classical Architecture
Churches
Secular Buildings
Focus: Brunelleschi’s Dome
Voices: Artists and Patrons in Urbino and Venice
City Planning

Portraits and Personality
Portraits and Self-Portraits
Voices: Isabella d’Este
Equestrian Portraits and Tombs

Art and the Everyday
City and Country Settings
Interiors

From Artisan to Genius: The Evolution of the Artist
Vasari
Alberti
Leonardo
Women Artists

The High Renaissance (c. 1500-1530)
Rome
Venice

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Five: At Home and in the Piazza (c. 1350-c. 1530)

Public Life
Social Structure
Focus: Prostitutes and Courtesans
Associations
Social Control
Voices: Riot, Plague, and Punishment
Focus: The Jewish Community in the Italian Renaissance

Private Life
The Household
Voices: Death and Consolation
Patriarchy, Property, and Marriage
Voices: The Duties of a Wife
Women and Children
Focus: Childbirth and Childrearing in Renaissance Italy

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Six: The Church and the People (c. 1350-c. 1530)

Papacy and the Papal State
The Rise of the Papacy
Focus: Popes and Cardinals
Challenges to the Papacy

Popular Religion
Paganism and Heresy
The Mendicant Movements
Confraternities
Voices: Brothers (Sisters) in Christ

Holy Women
Saints and Martyrs
Focus: Holy Women and Unwilling Nuns
Catherine of Siena
Francesca of Rome
Catherine of Bologna
Catherine of Genoa
Angela Merici

Pastors of the Flock
Archbishops and Bishops
Preachers and Visionaries
Bernardino of Siena
Girolamo Savonarola

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Seven: Statecraft and Warcraft (c. 1350-c. 1530)

The Tide of Despotism
The Organization of Violence
Focus: Warriors for Hire
Padua and Verona
The Visconti in Milan
Ferrara, Mantua, and Urbino
The Papal States and the Two Sicilies
Voices: A Despot’s Advice and a Republican’s Lament
Freedom versus Tyranny

Balance of Power
Councils and Commissions
Focus: The Machinery of Government in Venice
The Trend toward Oligarchy
Administering Justice
Raising Revenues
Focus: The Medici
Diplomacy
Venice and Florence Expand
Military Organization
War and Peace

Invasion and Conquest
The French Invasion to the Battle of Fornovo
The Great Captain and the Conquest of Naples
Julius II and the Battle of Agnadello
The Holy League and the Battle of Marignano
Habsburg versus Valois to the Battle of Pavia 247
The Sack of Rome
The Return of the Medici
Voices: The Republican Spirit in Florence

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Eight: The Crisis and Beyond (c. 1500-c. 1650)

The Machiavellian Moment
Machiavelli’s Career
Machiavelli’s Thought
Machiavelli’s Political Vision

Courts and Princes: Castiglione’s The Courtier
Book One
Book Two
Book Three
Book Four
Influence

The States of Italy after c. 1530

Ideas and the Arts in Late Renaissance Italy
The Visual Arts
Focus: Womanly Perspective
The Performing Arts
Literature and Literary Trends
Focus: The Origins of Opera
Voices: Pietro Aretino, "Scourge of Princes"
Science, Medicine, and Philosophy
Voices: Women and Love

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Nine: The Renaissance and the Two Reformations (c. 1500-c. 1650)

Visitors and Emissaries

Printing, Humanism, and Reform
The Manuscript Book
The Printed Book: Early Years
The Printed Book: Later Developments
Focus: The English Century

Erasmus, More, and Vives
Erasmus
Focus: The Enchantments of Nowhere
More and Utopia
Vives and the Erasmian Mission

The Reformations and the Humanist Tradition
Protestants
Voices: Luther and Calvin on Liberty and Free Will
The Catholic Response
Voices: The Catholic Response: The Council of Trent, Ignatius of Loyola, and Teresa of Ávila
Intersections

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Ten: The Renaissance beyond the Alps: Cities, Courts, and Kings (c. 1500-c. 1700)

Contexts: Kingdoms, Courts, and Cities
Kingdoms
Courts
Cities
Focus: Early Modern Cities

Centers of the Renaissance beyond the Alps
Spain and Portugal
Voices: Spanish Sketches
The Low Countries
Focus: The Low Countries: Interiors and Exteriors
France
The British Isles
Voices: In Search of Authenticity
The German Lands
Northern and Eastern Europe

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Chapter Eleven: The Renaissance and New Worlds (c. 1500-c. 1700)

The New World in the Ocean Sea
The Mediterranean
Focus: The Renaissance and Globalization
Portuguese Ventures
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
Indigenous Peoples, Africans, and the Slave Trade
North America and the Triangle Trade
The Impact on European Consciousness

New Heavens, New Earth
Cosmographical Revisions
Voices: Scientific Observers
Other Scientific Advances
Voices: Discerning Truth
New Ways to Reason
Focus: Educating the Few-and the Many

Toward Enlightenment
Readers and Learners
Women and the World of Learning
Focus: The Worth of Women

Conclusion
Suggested Readings

Glossary
Credits
Index