The Legacy of Greece, Alexandria, and the Orient
I.The Near Eastern Scene in the Seventh Century
II.The Translations of Philosophical Texts
III.Pre-Socratics, Peripatetics, and Stoics
IV.Neo-Platonic Elements: The Apocryphal Theologia Aristotelis and the Liber de Causis
V.Persian and Indian Influences
Early Political and Religious Tensions
I.The Religio-Political Factions
II.The Rise of Islamic Scholasticism (Kal?m)
Beginnings of Systematic Philosophical Writing in the Ninth Century
I.The First Systematic Philosophical Writer in Islam: Al-Kind?
II.The Rise of Naturalism and the Challenge to Islamic Dogma: Ibn Al-R?z?
III.The Progress of Free Thought and Religious Heterodoxy
The Further Development of Islamic Neo-Platonism
I.Al-F?r?b?
II.Ibn S?n?
Neo-Pythagoreanism and the Popularization of the Philosophical Sciences
I.Philosophy, the Handmaid of Politics
II.The Mathematico-Philosophical Presuppositions of the Brethren
III.The Cosmology and Metaphysics of the Brethren
IV.The Psychology and the Epistemology of the Brethren
V.Conclusion
The Diffusion of Philosophical Culture in the Tenth Century
I.Ab? Hayy?n Al-Tauh?d?
II.Miskawayh
III.Yahia b. 'Ad?
The Interaction of Philosophy and Dogma
I.The Eclipse of Theological Rationalism
II.The Ash'arite School and the Formulation of the Occasionalist Metaphysics of Atoms and Accidents
III.The Systematic Refutation of Neo-Platonism: Al-Ghaz?l?
The Rise and Development of Islamic Mysticism (S?fism)
I.Ascetic Origins
II.Pantheistic Tendencies: Al-Bast?m? (or Al-Bist?m?)
III.Synthesis and Systematization -Al-Ghaz?l? and Ibn 'Arab?
IV.R?m?, Supreme Mystical Poet
V.S?fi Orders: S?sim Today
The Arab-Spanish Interlude and the Revival of Peripateticism
I.Beginnings of Philosophical Speculation in Muslim Spain: Ibn Masarrah Al-Majr?t?, and Ibn B?jjah
II.Ibn Tufayl and the Natural Progression of the Mind Toward Truth
III.Ibn Rushd and the Defense of Aristotelianism
Post-Avicennian Developments: Illumination and the Reaction against Peripateticisim
I.Al-Suhraward?
II.The Subsequent Development of Illuminationism: Sadr Al-D?n Al Sh?r?z? (Mulla Sadr?) and His Successors
III.The Continuity of the Ishr?q? Tradition in Persia
Theological Reaction and Reconstruction
I.Literalism and Neo-Hanbalism: Ibn Hazm, Ibn Taymiyah, and Muhammad B. 'Abdul-Wahh?b
II.Moderation and Decline: F. D. Al-R?z?, N. D. Al-Nsaf?,Al- ?j?, Al-Jurj?n?, and Al-B?jur?
III.Reaction and Reconstruction: Ibn Khald?n
Modernist Trends
I.The Emergence of the Modernist Spirit: J. D. Al-Afgh?n? and Muhammad 'Abdu
II.Islamic Philosophy in India and Southeast Asia
III.Modernism in India: Sayyid Ahmad Kh?n, Ameer Ali, and Muhammad Iqb?l
Contemporary Trends
I.Liberalism, Secularism, and Fundamentalism
II.Existentialism, Positivism, and Marxism
III.Postmodernism and Hermeneutics