The Legacy of Greece, Alexandria, and the Orient
[...] Near Eastern Scene in the Seventh Century
[...] Translations of Philosophical Texts
[...]-Socratics, Peripatetics, and Stoics
[...]-Platonic Elements: The Apocryphal Theologia Aristotelis and the Liber de Causis
V.Persian and Indian Influences
Early Political and Religious Tensions
[...] Religio-Political Factions
[...] Rise of Islamic Scholasticism (Kal?m)
Beginnings of Systematic Philosophical Writing in the Ninth Century
[...] First Systematic Philosophical Writer in Islam: Al-Kind?
[...] Rise of Naturalism and the Challenge to Islamic Dogma: Ibn Al-R?z?
[...] Progress of Free Thought and Religious Heterodoxy
The Further Development of Islamic Neo-Platonism
[...]-F?r?b?
[...] S?n?
Neo-Pythagoreanism and the Popularization of the Philosophical Sciences
I.Philosophy, the Handmaid of Politics
[...] Mathematico-Philosophical Presuppositions of the Brethren
[...] Cosmology and Metaphysics of the Brethren
[...] Psychology and the Epistemology of the Brethren
V.Conclusion
The Diffusion of Philosophical Culture in the Tenth Century
[...]? Hayy?n Al-Tauh?d?
II.Miskawayh
[...] b. 'Ad?
The Interaction of Philosophy and Dogma
[...] Eclipse of Theological Rationalism
[...] Ash'arite School and the Formulation of the Occasionalist Metaphysics of Atoms and Accidents
[...] Systematic Refutation of Neo-Platonism: Al-Ghaz?l?
The Rise and Development of Islamic Mysticism (S?fism)
I.Ascetic Origins
II.Pantheistic Tendencies: Al-Bast?m? (or Al-Bist?m?)
III.Synthesis and Systematization -Al-Ghaz?l? and Ibn 'Arab?
IV.R?m?, Supreme Mystical Poet
V.S?fi Orders: S?sim Today
The Arab-Spanish Interlude and the Revival of Peripateticism
I.Beginnings of Philosophical Speculation in Muslim Spain: Ibn Masarrah Al-Majr?t?, and Ibn B?jjah
[...] Tufayl and the Natural Progression of the Mind Toward Truth
[...] Rushd and the Defense of Aristotelianism
Post-Avicennian Developments: Illumination and the Reaction against Peripateticisim
[...]-Suhraward?
[...] Subsequent Development of Illuminationism: Sadr Al-D?n Al Sh?r?z? (Mulla Sadr?) and His Successors
[...] Continuity of the Ishr?q? Tradition in Persia
Theological Reaction and Reconstruction
I.Literalism and Neo-Hanbalism: Ibn Hazm, Ibn Taymiyah, and Muhammad B. 'Abdul-Wahh?b
II.Moderation and Decline: F. D. Al-R?z?, N. D. Al-Nsaf?,Al- ?j?, Al-Jurj?n?, and Al-B?jur?
III.Reaction and Reconstruction: Ibn Khald?n
Modernist Trends
[...] Emergence of the Modernist Spirit: J. D. Al-Afgh?n? and Muhammad 'Abdu
II.Islamic Philosophy in India and Southeast Asia
III.Modernism in India: Sayyid Ahmad Kh?n, Ameer Ali, and Muhammad Iqb?l
Contemporary Trends
I.Liberalism, Secularism, and Fundamentalism
II.Existentialism, Positivism, and Marxism
III.Postmodernism and Hermeneutics