Bernard Lightman is Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, former Editor of the journal Isis, and Vice-President and President Elect of the History of Science Society. Professor Lightman has published over 50 articles and is author of The Origins of Agnosticism (1987) and Victorian Popularizers of Science (2007). He is also editor or co-editor of several collections, Victorian Science in Context (1997), Science in the Marketplace (2007), and Victorian Scientific Naturalism (2014). In addition, he is the series editor of "Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century."

About the Editor viii

About the Contributors ix

Acknowledgements xvi

Introduction 1
Bernard Lightman

1 Historiography of the History of Science 7
Lynn K. Nyhart

Part I Roles 23

2 Learned Man and Woman in Antiquity and the Middle Ages 25
Nathan Sidoli

3 Go-Betweens, Travelers, and Cultural Translators 39
Kapil Raj

4 The Alchemist 58
Tara Nummedal

5 The Natural Philosopher 71
Peter Dear

6 The Natural Historian 84
Kristin Johnson

7 Invisible Technicians, Instrument Makers, and Artisans 97
Iwan Rhys Morus

8 Scientific illustrators 111
Valérie Chansigaud

9 The Human Experimental Subject 126
Anita Guerrini

10 Amateurs 139
Katherine Pandora

11 The Man of Science 153
Paul White

12 The Professional Scientist 164
Cyrus C. M. Mody

Part II Places and Spaces 179

13 The Medieval University 181
Steven J. Livesey

14 The Observatory 196
Robert W. Smith

15 The Court 210
Bruce T. Moran

16 Academies and Societies 224
Denise Phillips

17 Museums and Botanical Gardens 238
Lukas Rieppel

18 Domestic Space 252
Donald L. Opitz

19 Commercial Science 268
Paul Lucier

20 The Field 282
Robert E. Kohler and Jeremy Vetter

21 The Laboratory 296
Catherine M. Jackson

22 Modern School and University 310
Heike Jöns

Part III Communication 329

23 Manuscripts 331
Joyce van Leeuwen

24 The Printing Press 344
Nick Wilding

25 Correspondence Networks 358
Brian Ogilvie

26 Translations 372
Marwa Elshakry and Carla Nappi

27 Journals and Periodicals 387
Aileen Fyfe

28 Textbooks 400
Josep Simon

29 Lectures 414
Diarmid A. Finnegan

30 Film, Radio, and Television 428
David A. Kirby

Part IV Tools of Science 443

31 Timing Devices 445
Rory McEvoy

32 Weights and Measures 459
Hector Vera

33 Calculating Devices and Computers 472
Matthew L. Jones

34 Specimens and Collections 488
Mary E. Sunderland

35 Recording Devices 500
Jimena Canales

36 Microscopes 515
Boris Jardine

37 Telescopes 530
Jim Bennett

38 Prisms, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, and Gratings 543
Klaus Hentschel

39 Diagrams 557
Charlotte Bigg

40 Three Dimensional Models 572
Joshua Nall and Liba Taub

Index 587