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Preface
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Nouns and Articles
Nouns
Nouns ending in -o and -a.
Nouns ending in -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre, -ción, and -sión.
Nouns ending in -sis.
Feminine nouns beginning with -a.
Masculine nouns ending in -a.
Nouns ending in -ista.
Nouns ending in -e.
Nouns that change gender.
Irregular nouns ending in -o.
Nouns that end in -or and -ora.
Compound Nouns.
Diminutives and augmentatives.
Nouns ending in -ón.
Foreign words.
The Indefinite Article
Uses of the Definite Article
With general or abstract nouns.
With titles.
With languages.
With days of the week and seasons.
With parts of the body and articles of clothing.
With weights and measures.
Contractions of the definite article.
Special Use of the Indefinite Article with ser
A Personal
Omission of the Indefinite Article
CHAPTER 2 Adjectives
Adjectives Ending in -o
Adjectives Ending in -e
Adjectives Ending in Consonants
Adjectives of Nationality
Special Adjectives Ending in a Consonant
Apocopated Adjectives
Adjectives of Color
Comparative
Superlative
Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives
Adjectives with -ísimo
Comparative of Equality
Comparative of equality with nouns
Cardinal Numbers
Ordinal Numbers
Formation of Nouns from Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
Demonstrative Adjectives
Expressions ¡Qué! ¡Tal!
Formation of Adverbs
CHAPTER 3 Verbs
Formal versus Familiar Forms
El voseo
Present Tense
Regular first conjugation verbs.
Ir, dar, estar.
Regular second conjugation verbs.
Regular third conjugation verbs.
Irregular verbs.
First-class stem-changing verbs: e-ie, o-ue.
Second-class stem-changing verbs: e-ie, o-ue.
Third-class stem-changing verbs: e-i.
Verbs ending in -uir.
Special uses of the present tense.
Imperfect Tense
Regular -ar verbs.
Regular -er and -ir verbs.
Irregular verbs.
Uses of the Imperfect Tense
Continuing action.
Mental activity.
Description in the past.
Reminiscing or stream of conciousness.
Reminiscing.
Stream of conciousness.
With the time expression hacía.
Preterite Tense
Regular -ar verbs.
Regular -er and -ir verbs.
The verb dar.
Second-class stem-changing verbs.
Third-class stem-changing verbs.
Verbs with y stem.
Irregular verbs.
Uses of the Preterite
Completed past action.
Verbs with special meanings.
Differences between preterite and imperfect.
Future Tense
Ir a with infinitive.
Regular verbs.
Irregular verbs.
Conditional
Regular verbs.
Irregular verbs.
Special Uses of the Future and Conditional
Indirect discourse.
Compound Tenses
Formation of the past participle.
Present Perfect
Pluperfect
Preterite Perfect
Future Perfect
Conditional Perfect
The Subjunctive
Formation of the Present Subjunctive
Regular verbs.
Stem-changing verbs.
Irregular verbs.
Uses of the Present Subjunctive
In noun clauses.
With impersonal expressions.
With expressions of doubt.
Verbs like aconsejar, pedir, rogar.
In relative clauses.
After por... que.
In indefinite expressions with ... quiera.
The Imperfect Subjunctive
Formation of the Imperfect Subjunctive
Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive
In noun clauses.
With impersonal expressions.
In relative clauses.
The Subjunctive with Adverbial Conjunctions
Conjunctions of time.
With aunque.
Other conjunctions.
Conjunctions of purpose.
¡Quizá(s)!, ¡Tal vez!.
¡Ojalá!.
Quisiera.
General note on the imperfect subjunctive.
Present Perfect Subjunctive
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Si Clauses
The Imperative
Formal commands.
Familiar commands.
First-person plural command (let's).
The Present Participle
Progressive Tenses
Present progressive.
Imperfect progressive.
Reflexive Verbs
Formation.
Special note concerning reflexive verbs.
Reflexive versus nonreflexive.
Reciprocal verbs.
Special Uses of the Infinitive
After a preposition.
After an auxiliary.
As a noun.
Passive Voice
With ser.
With se.
CHAPTER 4 Negatives
Making a Sentence Negative
Common Negative Words
Tampoco.
Sino.
Special Negative Expressions
CHAPTER 5 Interrogatives
Common Interrogative Words
Cuál, cuáles.
Cuál versus qué.
CHAPTER 6 Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Direct Object Pronouns
Lo, los, la, las.
Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Me, te, nos.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Le, les.
Le for les.
Leísmo.
Double Object Pronouns
Me lo, te lo, nos lo.
Se lo.
Position of Object Pronouns
With conjugated verbs.
With infinitives.
With present participles.
With commands.
Special Verbs with Indirect Objects
Reflexive Pronouns
With an indirect object pronoun.
Prepositional Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Que.
A quien, a quienes.
El que, la que.
With prepositions.
Lo que.
Cuyo.
CHAPTER 7 Ser and estar
With Predicate Nominative
Origin versus Location
Meaning "to take place."
Characteristic versus Condition
Changes of Meaning
Passive Voice
CHAPTER 8 Por and para
CHAPTER 9 Special Uses of Certain Verbs
Acabar, acabarse.
Acordarse de, recordar.
Andar, ir, irse.
Cuidar, cuidarse.
Dar.
Dejar.
Hacer.
Hacerse, llegar a ser, ponerse, volverse.
Jugar, tocar.
Pensar en, pensar de.
Poner.
Quedar.
Saber, conocer.
Servir para, servir de, servirse de.
Tener.
Volver, devolver, envolver.
Answers to Exercises
Special Grammar Considerations
Verb Charts
Companion Audio Recording