Sheila R. Ackerlind is Professor Emerita at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She taught Portuguese and Spanish for forty years.

Rebecca Jones-Kellogg is Assistant Professor of Portuguese at West Point and has traveled extensively throughout Portugal, Brazil, and Lusophone Africa.

• The Portuguese-Speaking World
• Preface and Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations, Symbols, and Diacritical Marks
• Phonetic Symbols
• Linguistic and Grammatical Terms in English and Portuguese
• Definitions of Linguistic and Grammatical Terms
• Orthographic Reforms
• Sound System
  • Oral Vowels
  • Oral Diphthongs
  • Nasal Vowels
  • Nasal Diphthongs
  • Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Vowels and Diphthongs
  • Consonants
• Writing System and Accentuation
  • Alphabet
  • Letters Used to Transcribe Portuguese Sounds
  • Capitalization
  • Punctuation Marks and Commonly Used Typographic Symbols
  • Diacritical Marks
  • Syllables and Word Division
  • Stress and Accentuation
    • Words Stressed on the Second-to-Last Syllable (Proparoxytones)
    • Words Stressed on the Next-to-Last Syllable (Paroxytones)
    • Words Stressed on the Last Syllable (Oxytones)
  • Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates
    • Cognates
    • Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Sounds and Letters
    • Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Sounds and Letters
    • Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Prefixes
    • Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Suffixes
    • Differences in Stress between Portuguese and Spanish Cognates
    • True, Partial, and False Cognates
  • Grammatical Categories
    • Articles
      • Definite and Indefinite Articles
      • Contractions of Prepositions with Articles
    • Nouns and Adjectives
      • Adjectives
      • Plural of Nouns and Adjectives
      • Gender of Nouns and Adjectives
      • Differences in Gender between Portuguese and Spanish Noun Cognates
      • Placement of Adjectives with Nouns
      • Diminutives and Augmentatives
    • Numbers and Numerals
    • Adverbs
    • Comparatives and Superlatives
      • Comparisons of Equality
      • Comparisons of Superiority and Inferiority
      • Relative Superlatives
      • Absolute Superlatives
    • Personal Pronouns
      • Subject Pronouns
      • Forms of Address
      • Prepositional Pronouns and Contractions with Prepositions
      • Direct Object Pronouns
      • Indirect Object Pronouns
      • Placement of Object Pronouns
      • Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs
    • Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
    • Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
      • Contractions of Prepositions with Demonstratives
    • Relative Words
    • Interrogative Words
    • Affirmative, Negative, and Indefinite Words
    • Prepositions
      • Verbs and Corresponding Prepositions
    • Conjunctions
    • Verbs
      • Impersonal and Personal Infinitive
      • Past Participle and Compound Tenses and Forms
      • Passive Voice
      • Indicative Mood
        • Present Tense
          • Forms
          • Uses
        • Present Perfect Tense
        • Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Tense
          • Forms
          • Uses
        • Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Tense
          • Forms
          • Uses
        • Preterite versus Imperfect
        • Simple and Compound Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense
        • Future Tense
        • Future Perfect Tense
        • Conditional Tense
        • Conditional Perfect Tense
        • Subjunctive Mood
          • Present Tense
          • Present Perfect Tense
          • Past (Imperfect) Tense
          • Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense
          • Future Tense
          • Future Perfect Tense
          • Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
            • Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
            • Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
            • Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses
            • Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences
          • Subjunctive in Common Expressions
          • Present Participle and Progressive Tenses and Forms
          • Imperative Mood
          • Impersonal Verbs and Expressions
          • Verbs That Take an Indirect Object without a Direct Object
          • Ser versus Estar
          • Ficar
          • Ter and Haver
          • Haver and Fazer in Expressions of Time
          • Acabar
          • Saber versus Conhecer
          • Verb and Other Grammar Charts
            • Regular Verbs: Derivation of Tenses and Forms
            • Regular Verbs
            • Irregular Verbs
            • Verb Tenses and Forms
              • Present Indicative
              • Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Indicative
              • Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Indicative
              • Simple Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Indicative
              • Future Indicative
              • Conditional
              • Present Subjunctive
              • Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive
              • Future Subjunctive
              • Personal Infinitive
              • Past Participle
              • Compound Tenses
              • Present Participle and Progressive Tenses
              • Imperative (Command Forms)
            • Verbs and Expressions That Require the Subjunctive
            • Personal Pronouns and Possessives
            • Contractions of Direct with Indirect Object Pronouns
            • Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns, and Contractions
            • Contractions of Prepositions
            • Relative Words
            • Interrogative Words
            • Affirmative and Negative Words
            • Indefinite Words
            • Irregular Comparatives and Relative Superlatives
            • "Synthetic" Absolute Superlative Adjectives
            • Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
            • Prepositions
            • Verb List
            • Works Consulted
              • Reference Works
              • Textbooks
            • Index of Topics
            • Index of Portuguese Words and Phrases