Darren Crovitz is Professor of English and English Education and the Director of English Education at Kennesaw State University, USA.

Michelle D. Devereaux is Assistant Professor of English and English Education at Kennesaw State University, USA.

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter One: Introduction

Defining Grammar

Grammar

Usage

Mechanics

A Very Short History of Grammar and Usage in the English Language

A Very Short History of Modern Grammar Instruction

Approaches to Grammar: Prescriptive, Descriptive, and Rhetorical

Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammars

Rhetorical Grammar

How We Address Grammar(s) in This Book

Why Definitions?

Form, Function, and Use

Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories?

The Goal For All: Metalinguistic Awareness

References

Chapter Two: Grammar and Power

What is Standard English?

Moralizing Language

Grammar(s) and Power, Society, and Identity

Power

Society

Identity

Critical Awareness and Grammar Instruction

Further Reading

References

Chapter Three: Teaching Grammar Intentionally

Grammar as an Integrated Element of Broader Design

Authority, Control, and Punishment (Sample Integrated Unit #1)

Specific Grammar Concepts for This Unit

Passive (and Active) Voice

Sentence Modifiers: Absolute Phrases

What Counts as Intelligence (Sample Integrated Unit #2)

Specific Grammar Concepts for This Unit

"To Be" Verbs and Sentence Forms

Complex Sentence Structures

How to Plan for Specific Grammar Integration

Correction and Grammar Instruction: Using Student Work Diagnostically

General Issues and What They Mean

Passage- and Paragraph-Level Patterns and What They Mean

Choppy

Awkward or Disorganized

Vague or Underdeveloped

Context Unclear

Redundant

Wordy

Sentence-Level Patterns and What They Mean

Run-Ons, Splices, and Fragments

Agreement Issues

Word Choice

Punctuation Issues

Conclusion

References

Chapter Four: Grammatical Concepts

Introduction: What It Is, and What It Ain't

Structure of Chapter Four

Limitations of Chapter Four

Unit One: Sentences and Sentence Types

The Sentence

Overview

Form and Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Sentences are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with the Sentence

Scenario 1: Food Fight

Scenario 2: Gotta Get That Money

Scenario 3: Different Kinds of Bosses

Non-Sentences and Their Uses

Overview

Form

Fragments and Function

Single Words

Phrases and Other Phenomena

Clauses

Fragments in Use

Run-ons and Function

Run-ons in Use

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Non-Sentences are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Fragments and Run-Ons

Scenario 1: Ghost Stories

Scenario 2: Thirty Seconds of Face Time

Scenario 3: Advertising Your Town

Scenario 4: Remixing the Mocking Run-On

Simple Sentences

Overview

Form

Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Simple Sentences are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Simple Sentences

Scenario 1: Testify

Scenario 2: Honest and Direct

Scenario 3: A Real Apology

Scenario 4: Ending a Relationship

Compound Sentences and Conjunctions

Overview

Form

Function

Yet, For, and Nor

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Compound Sentences are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Compound Sentences

Scenario 1: Justice For All

Scenario 2: Science Fiction Point-Counterpoint

Scenario 3: Making a Deal

Scenario 4: The Ironic "Yet"

Scenario 5: The Memorable Well-Balanced Line

Scenario 6: The Dramatic Reason or Consequence

Complex Sentences

Overview

Form

Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Complex Sentences are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Complex Sentences

Scenario 1: Friday Night Plans

Scenario 2: Carlee's Concoctions

Scenario 3: Spirit Friday

Scenario 4a: Storybook Summarizer

Scenario 4b: Album Blurbs

Compound-Complex Sentences

Overview

Form

Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Compound-Complex Sentences are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Compound-Complex Sentences

Scenario 1: Junk Food in School

Scenario 2: Whiffleball Guidelines

Scenario 3: Youth Court Judge

Scenario 4: Who's the Winner

Active and Passive Voice

Overview

Form

Verb Form

Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Active Voice is Useful in Actual Communication

Focusing on Use: How Passive Voice is Useful in Actual Communication

Avoiding blame or guilt

Emphasizing a different subject for a particular reason

News reporting

Distancing the doer intentionally for political reasons

Experimenting with Passive Voice

Scenario 1: Grandpa's (Formerly) Fine Ride

Scenario 2: Party Post-Mortem

Scenario 3: Fixing Headlines

Scenario 4: Apology or Non-Apology?

Unit Two: Clauses

Dependent Clauses

Overview

Form

Function

Adverbial Clauses

Dependent Clause Relationships

Punctuating Adverbial Clauses

Adjectival Clauses

Punctuating Adjectival Clauses

Nominal Clauses

Subjects

Objects of the Preposition

**A Quick Refresher: Definitions of Direct Objects and Subject Complements**

Subject Complements

Direct Objects

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Dependent Clauses are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Dependent Clauses

Specific Function: Concession

Scenario 1a: Lucas Needs Help

Scenario 1b: Pleading For Leniency

Specific Function: Contrast

Scenario 2a: You're Wearing That?!

Scenario 2b: Adopting a Role

Specific Function: Reason

Scenario 3: Let's Make a Deal

Specific Function: Condition

Scenario 4: No More Bankrolling

Unit Three: Phrases

Appositive Phrases

Overview

Form and Function

Punctuation and Appositives

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Appositive Phrases are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Appositive Phrases

Scenario 1: Exposing the Truth

Scenario 2: Condensing the Details

Scenario 3: Piling on the Description

Participial Phrases

Overview

Form

Function

Punctuation and Participial Phrases

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Participials are Useful in Actual Communication

Implication

Specificity

Causation

Experimenting with Participial Phrases

Scenario 1: Game Designer

Scenario 2: Stage Director

Scenario 3: The Impact of Experience

Scenario 4a: Helping People Make the Connection, Part 1

Scenario 4b: Helping People Make the Connection, Part 2

Absolute Phrases

Overview

Form

What to Remember

Function

Explaining a Cause or Condition

Adding Detail or a Focal Point

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Absolute Phrases are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Absolute Phrases

Scenario 1: Game Designer

Scenario 2: Encounter with Fame (A Celebrity, Politician, or Athlete)

Scenario 3: Moment of Growth

Gerunds

Overview

Form

Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Gerunds are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Gerunds

Scenario 1: Xtreme Adventures

Scenario 2: Viral Meme Creation

Scenario 3: Helping the Noobs

Infinitives

Overview

Form

Dangling Infinitives

Function

Infinitives as Adjectives

Infinitives as Adverbs

Infinitives as Nouns

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Infinitives are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Infinitives

Scenario 1: Sometimes Tentative is Good

Scenario 2: The Villain's Speech

Scenario 3: The Artist Inside

Prepositions

Overview

Form

The Prepositional Phrase

Common Prepositions

Function

Adverbially and Adjectivally

Prepositions or Subordinating Conjunctions?

Never End a Sentence With a Preposition...

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Prepositions are Useful in Actual Communication

Experimenting with Prepositions

Scenario 1a: The Secret Party

Scenario 1b: The Virtual Reality Challenge

Scenario 2: How to Respond?

Scenario 3: The Suggestive Title

Unit Four: Lexical Categories

Nouns

Overview

Form

Function

Subjects

Objects of the Preposition

Direct Objects

Indirect Objects

Object Complements

Subject Complements

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Nouns are Useful in Actual Communication

Nominalization

Noun Versatility

Adjectives Acting as Nouns

Verbs Acting as Nouns

Experimenting with Nouns

Scenario 1: Titles That Pop

Scenario 2: The Power of Summary

Scenario 3: A Primer for Beginners

Action Verbs

Overview

Form and Function

Typical Form Exercises

Focusing on Use: How Action Verbs are Useful in Actual Communication

Verbs for Precision and Connotation

Atypical Verbs and Their Possibilities

Proper Nouns Used as Verbs

Experimenting with Action Verbs

Scenario 1: Communicating the Intangibles

Scenario 2: Degrees of Exaggeration and Understatement

Scenario 3: Meme Hunting

Scenario 4: Energetic Film Titles

Scenario...