KIRK FITZPATRICK is Professor of Philosophy at Southern Utah University, where he teaches philosophy and Attic Greek. From 2012 to 2016, he served as Director of the Grace A. Tanner Center at Southern Utah University. His publications focus on leadership, poetry, and music in Plato's Republic, as well as the philosophy of education, politics, and moral weakness. Fitzpatrick's recent publications include "Two Songs in the Kallipolis of Plato's Republic," in The Political Science Reviewer, vol. 45, no. 1 (2021).

Acknowledgments xi

Map xii

Introduction 1

The Precursors of Philosophy: Homer and Hesiod 1

This Is Ancient Greek Philosophy 4

Part I Early Greek Philosophy 9

1 Miletus and Elea 11

1.1 Miletus 11

1.1.1 Thales 11

1.1.2 Anaximander 16

1.1.3 Anaximenes 19

1.1.4 Xenophanes 21

1.2 Elea 24

1.2.1 Parmenides 24

1.2.2 Zeno 27

1.2.3 Empedocles 31

2 Ionia and Thrace 34

2.1 Ionia 34

2.1.1 Pythagoras 34

2.1.2 Anaxagoras 39

2.1.3 Heraclitus 42

2.2 Thrace 46

2.2.1 Leucippus and Democritus 46

3 The Philosophic Turn 53

Part II The Golden Age 69

4 Plato 71

4.1 Biography and Texts 71

4.2 The Socratic Dialogues 74

4.3 The Sophists 85

4.4 Plato's Philosophy 91

4.4.1 Knowledge 91

4.4.2 The Forms 94

4.4.3 The Cave, Line, and Sun 99

4.4.4 The Soul 102

4.4.5 The State 107

5 Aristotle 116

5.1 Biography and Texts 116

5.2 Aristotle's Philosophy 119

5.2.1 The Subjects 119

5.2.2 Doxography 122

5.2.3 The Four Causes 123

5.2.4 Hylomorphism 124

5.2.5 Voluntary Action 129

5.2.6 Knowing and Doing 130

5.2.7 Virtue 133

5.2.8 Politics 137

6 The Subjects of Philosophy 143

Part III Hellenistic Philosophy 151

7 Cynicism and Epicureanism 153

7.1 Alexander's Death 153

7.2 Cynicism 155

7.2.1 Antisthenes 155

7.2.2 Diogenes of Sinope 158

7.3 Epicurus and Epicureanism 160

7.3.1 Physics, Canon, and Ethics 163

7.3.1.1 Physics 163

7.3.1.2 Canon 164

7.3.1.3 Ethics 166

7.3.2 Lucretius as Epicurean 169

7.3.2.1 Physics 170

7.3.2.2 Canon 172

7.3.2.3 Ethics 174

8 Stoicism and Skepticism 176

8.1 Stoicism 176

8.1.1 The Stoics 176

8.1.2 Stoic Philosophy 177

8.1.2.1 Physics 178

8.1.2.2 Logic 182

8.1.2.3 Ethics 187

8.1.2.3.1 Desire 189

8.1.2.3.2 Duty 192

8.1.2.3.3 Assent 194

8.2 Skepticism: Pyrrhonians and Academics 196

8.2.1 History 196

8.2.2 Pyrrhonism 197

8.2.3 The Academics 200

8.2.3.1 Arcesilaus 200

8.2.3.2 Carneades 203

9 Fate and the Good Life 207

9.1 Historical Context 207

9.2 Moral Weakness as Akrasia 209

9.3 Fate and Voluntary Action 227

9.4 The Good Life 231

Index 235