Introduction: The Declaration at Fifty

The Drafting Process Explained

The United Nations Charter and the Declaration

The Seven Drafting Stages

Original Intentions and the Cold War

The Eight Abstentions

Authors, Title, and Addressees

World War II as Catalyst

Personal Security and the Camps

Nazification and Legal Human Rights

The Problem with the Nuremberg Trials

Democracy, Free Speech, and Hate Speech

Special International Human Rights and the Role of the United Nations

Social, Economic, and Cultural Examples

Colonies, Minorities, and Women's Rights

The Communist Push for Nondiscrimination

The Problem of the Colonies

Race, Color, National Origin, and Language

Political Opinion, Property, and Birth

The Women's Lobby and Women's Rights

Privacy and Different Kinds of Property

The Latin American Connection

Inviolability and Privacy Rights

Should Personal Property Be Singled Out?

"Alone as Well as in Association with Others''

A Minimum Within a Larger Framework

The Socialist Shape of Work-Related Rights

Freedom and the Right to Work

The Right to Protection Against Unemployment

The Campaign for Trade Union Rights

Union Shops, Strikes, and Levels of Implementation

Conditions: "Human Labour Is Not a Merchandise''

Social Security, Education, and Culture

Food, Clothing, Housing, and Medical Care

Troubles with the Phrase "Social Security''

The Rights to Full Development, Education, and Culture

The Distinction Between "Old'' and "New'' Human Rights

The Organic Unity of the Document

Duties and Communities

The Duties and Communities of Article 29

Protecting the Family, Motherhood,and Childhood

The Rights of Religious and Educational Communities

The Omission of a Special Minority Rights Article

Article 1, the Preamble, and the Enlightenment

A Bargain About God and Nature

"Inherent,'' "Inalienable,'' and "Born''

Reason and "the Conscience of Mankind''

The Rights to Petition and Rebellion

Human Rights as Means and Ends

The Declaration and Human Rights Education

Appendix: The Universal Declaration of Human

Rights with a Guide to Discussions of Specific Topics and Articles

Notes

Acknowledgments