This book illuminates colonial Latin American literary studies in an entirely new way. Rolena Adorno argues that the incandescent nucleus of the Spanish American literary tradition consists of the writings in which the rights of Spanish dominion in the Americas were debated. She investigates the works of Spanish and Amerindian writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, shows how the narrative web they created had the capacity to reinvent itself, and explores how their literary legacy resonates even today. The book considers how canonical colonial-era writers engaged with issues of conquest and the treatment of Amerindians, situating the writings of Bartolomé de las Casas at the heart of the discussion. Adorno traces the elaboration and persistence of colonial debates cast in narrative form to arrive at a new understanding of the "polemics of possession" and their crucial role in the history of Latin American literature and thought.