Clinical Observations and Emerging Questions.- The Contribution of Clinical Observation to Neurobiological Mechanisms in Manipulative Therapy.- Muscles, Central Nervous Motor Regulation, and Back Problems.- Manipulative Therapy in Relation to Total Health Care.- The Clinical Basis for Discussion of Mechanisms of Manipulative Therapy.- Discussion of Clinical Observations and Emerging Questions.- Impulse-Based Mechanisms.- Somatic Sources of Afferent Input as Factors in Aberrant Autonomic, Sensory, and Motor Function.- Discussion.- Traumatized Nerves, Roots, and Ganglia: Musculoskeletal Factors and Neuropathological Consequences.- Discussion of Excitation and Conduction in Traumatized Nerves.- Somatoautonomic Reflexology - Normal and Abnormal.- Autonomic System Reactions Caused by Excitation of Somatic Afferents: Study of Cutaneo-Intestinal Reflex.- Sustained Sympathicotonia as a Factor in Disease.- Discussion of Impulse-Based Mechanisms.- Nonimpulse-Based Mechanisms.- Axonal Transport: The Mechanisms and Their Susceptibility to Derangement; Anterograde Transport.- Transfer of Information from Effector Organs to Innervating Neurons by Retrograde Axonal Transport of Macromolecules.- Discussion and Short Reports on Axonal Transport.- Impairment of Intraneural Microcirculation, Blood-Nerve Barrier, and Axonal Transport in Experimental Nerve Ischemia and Compression.- Discussion.- Calcium and the Mechanism of Axoplasmic Transport.- Discussion.- Trophic Changes in Afflictions of the Motor Unit.- Wing Flapping and Other Moving Topics: A Developmental Perspective.- Discussion of the Trophic Functions of Nerves and Their Mechanisms in Relation to Manipulative Therapy.- Concluding Discussion.- Clinical Observations and Emerging Questions.- Impulse-Based Mechanisms.-Nonimpulse-Based Mechanisms.- Chairman's Concluding Statement.