Dr. Fox is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and a Neuroscience and Behavior Core Scientist in the California National Primate Research Center at the University of California, Davis. His work as a translational affective neuroscientist aims to bridge basic neuroscientific findings to our understanding of human emotion.

Dr. Lapate is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. She has published a number of articles in leading psychology and neuroscience journals on the neural bases of emotion regulation and on individual differences in affective style. Her work is currently supported by the National Institute of Mental Health.

Dr. Shackman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology, a member of the executive board for the Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS) Program, a core faculty member of the Maryland Neuroimaging Center, and the Director of the Affective and Translational

Neuroscience Laboratory at the University of Maryland. He has published more than 50 articles and chapters focused on the neurobiology of emotion-related traits, states, and disorders and his work has been supported by the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Mental Health and Drug Abuse. He serves as an Associate or Consulting Editor at Emotion; Cognition and Emotion; Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience; and Personality Neuroscience.

Dr. Davidson's research is broadly focused on the neural bases of emotion and emotional style and methods to promote human flourishing including meditation and related contemplative practices. He has published over 375 articles, numerous chapters and reviews and edited 14 books. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine in 2006. He is the author (with Sharon Begley) of The Emotional Life of Your Brain published in 2012.

• Acknowledgments


• Contributors


• Introduction


• Preface to Paul Ekman's Essay


• Richard J. Davidson


• How emotions might work


• Paul Ekman


• Question 1. What is an emotion?


• Emotions and feelings: William James and the present


• Antonio Damasio and Hanna Damasio


• Emotions are functional states that cause feelings and behavior


• Ralph Adolphs


• What is emotion? A natural science perspective


• Peter J. Lang and Margaret M. Bradley


• Affect is essential to emotion


• Kent C. Berridge


• Emotions: Causes and consequences


• Gerald L. Clore


• What are emotional states, and what are their functions?


• Edmund T. Rolls


• Active inference and emotion


• Karl J. Friston, Mateus Joffily, Lisa Feldman Barrett and Anil K. Seth


• Emotions are constructed with interoception and concepts within a predicting brain


• Lisa Feldman Barrett


• Afterword


• Regina C. Lapate and Alexander J. Shackman


• Question 2. How are emotions, mood and temperament related?


• Distinguishing affective constructs: Structure, trait- vs. state-ness, and responses to affect


• Kristin Naragon-Gainey


• Inhibited temperament and intrinsic versus extrinsic influences on fear circuits


• Jennifer Urbano Blackford and David H. Zald


• Distinctions among moods and temperaments


• Jerome Kagan


• Distinctions between temperament and emotion: Examining reactivity, regulation, and social understanding


• Lindsay C. Bowman and Nathan A. Fox


• Afterword


• Alexander J. Shackman, Regina C. Lapate and Andrew S. Fox


• Question 3. What are the dimensions and bases for lasting individual differences in emotion?


• Personality as lasting individual differences in emotions


• Rebecca L. Shiner


• The bases for preservation of emotional biases


• Jerome Kagan


• The psychological and neurobiological bases of dispositional negativity


• Alexander J. Shackman, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Edward P. Lemay, Jr. and Andrew S. Fox


• Reactivity, recovery, regulation: The three R's of emotional responding


• Richard J. Davidson


• Afterword


• Alexander J. Shackman and Andrew S. Fox


• Question 4. What is the added value of studying the brain for understanding emotion?


• Studying the brain is necessary for understanding emotion


• Tom Johnstone


• Brain and emotion research: Contributions of patient and activation studies


• Robert W. Levenson


• Understanding emotion by unraveling complex structure-function mappings


• Luiz Pessoa


• Brain studies can advance psychological understanding


• Kent C. Berridge


• Afterword


• Alexander J. Shackman and Regina C. Lapate


• Question 5. How are emotions organized in the brain?


• Discrete and dimensional contributions to emotion arise from multiple brain circuits


• Ralph Adolphs


• Brain limbic systems as flexible generators of emotion


• Kent C. Berridge


• At primal levels, via vast subcortical brain networks that mediate instinctual emotional reactions that help program higher-order emotional-cognitive abilities in higher regions of the brain and mind.


• Jaak Panksepp


• Brain architecture and principles of the organization of emotion in the brain


• Luiz Pessoa


• Variation and degeneracy in the brain basis of emotion.


• Lisa Feldman Barrett


• How are emotions organized in the brain?


• Tor D. Wager, Anjali Krishnan and Emma Hitchcock


• The brain is organized to emote


• Andrew S. Fox


• Neural circuit mechanisms for switching emotional tracks: From positive to negative and back again


• Kay M. Tye


• Afterword


• Alexander J. Shackman and Andrew S. Fox


• Question 6. When and in what ways are emotions adaptive and maladaptive?


• The ambiguous issue of adaptive emotions


• Jerome Kagan


• Maladaptive emotions are inseparable from inaccurate appraisals


• Phoebe C. Ellsworth


• Emotions aren't maladaptive


• Aaron S. Heller


• Cultural neuroscience of emotion


• Joan Y. Chiao


• Positive emotions broaden and build: Consideration for how and when pleasant subjective experiences are adaptive and maladaptive


• Barbara L. Fredrickson


• The social nature of emotions: Context matters


• Amy Lehrner and Rachel Yehuda


• Afterword


• Andrew S. Fox and Regina C. Lapate


• Question 7. How are emotions regulated by context and cognition?


• Emotion as an evolutionary adaptive pattern: The roles of context and cognition


• D. Caroline Blanchard and Brandon L. Pearson


• Individual differences in fear conditioning and extinction paradigms: Insights for emotion regulation


• Marie-France Marin and Mohammed R. Milad


• The role of context and cognition in the placebo effect


• Lauren Y. Atlas


• Emotional Intensity: It is the thought that counts


• Gerald L. Clore and David A. Reinhard


• Emotion regulation as a change of goals and priorities


• Carien M. van Reekum and Tom Johnstone


• Searching for implicit emotion regulation


• Matthew D. Lieberman


• Fighting fire with fire: Endogenous emotion generation as a means of emotion regulation


• Haakon G. Engen and Tania Singer


• Afterword


• Alexander J. Shackman and Regina C. Lapate


• Question 8. How do emotion and cognition interact?


• The interplay of emotion and cognition


• Hadas Okon-Singer, Daniel M. Stout, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Matthias Gamer, Andrew S. Fox and Alexander J. Shackman


• The impact of affect depends on its object


• Gerald L. Clore


• Thoughts on cognition-emotion interactions and their role in the diagnosis and treatment of psychopathology


• Keren Maoz and Yair Bar-Haim


• Beyond cognition and emotion: Dispensing with a cherished psychological narrative


• Alexandra Touroutoglou and Lisa Feldman Barrett


• Can we advance our understanding of emotional behavior by reconceptualizing it as involving valuation?


• Roshan Cools, Hanneke den Ouden, Verena Ly and Quentin Huys


• Beyond the threat bias: Reciprocal links between emotion and cognition


• Nick Berggren and Nazanin Derakshan


• The cognitive-emotional brain


• Luiz Pessoa


• Emotional vs. rational systems, and decisions between them


• Edmund T. Rolls


• Afterword


• Alexander J. Shackman and Regina C. Lapate


• Question 9. How are emotions embodied in the social world?


• Connections between emotions and the social world: Numerous and complex


• Nancy Eisenberg and Maciel M. Hernández


• Effects of emotion on interpersonal behavior: A motivational perspective


• Edward P. Lemay, Jr.


• Emotion in the social world


• Carolyn Parkinson


• The affective nature of social interactions


• Dominic S. Fareri and Mauricio R. Delgado


• On the significance of implicit emotional communication


• Andrew S. Fox


• Deconstructing social emotions: Empathy and compassion and their relation to prosocial behavior


• Haakon G. Engen and Tania Singer


• Afterword


• Andrew S. Fox and Alexander J. Shackman


• Question 10. How and why are emotions communicated?


• Form of facial expression communication originates in sensory function


• Daniel H. Lee and Adam K. Anderson


• Expression of emotion: New principles for future inquiry


• Dacher Keltner, Daniel T. Cordaro, Jessica Tracy, and Disa Sauter


• The (more or less accurate) communication of emotions serves social problem solving


• Ursula Hess


• Making sense of the senses in emotion communication


• Wen Li, Lucas R. Novak, and Yuqi You


• Movement and manipulation: the how and why of emotion communication


• Lasana T. Harris


• Concepts are key to the "communication" of emotion


• Maria Gendron and Lisa Feldman Barrett


• The web of emotion understanding in human infants


• Betty M. Repacholi and Andrew N. Meltzoff


• The dynamic-interactive model approach to the perception of facial emotion


• Jonathan B. Freeman


• Afterword


• Regina C. Lapate and Andrew S. Fox


• Question 11. How are emotions physically embodied?


• How and why emotions are embodied


• Adrienne Wood, Jared Martin and Paula Niedenthal


• Emotion in body and brain: Context-dependent action and reaction


• Margaret M. Bradley and Peter J. Lang


• The importance of the mind for understanding how emotions are embodied


• Naomi I. Eisenberger


• How are emotions physically embodied?


• Rosalind W. Picard


• Pain as an embodied emotion


• Tim V. Salomons


• How are...