Angelos Chryssogelos, London Metropolitan University, UK

Eliza Tanner Hawkins, Brigham Young University, USA

Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University, USA

Levente Littvay, HUN-REN Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary

Nina Wiesehomeier, IE University, Spain

1 The Ideational Approach PART 1 STATE-LEVEL CONSEQUENCES 2 Populists in Government and the Independence of the Judiciary in Latin America 3 Populist Rhetoric and Central Bank Independence 4 Populism, Political Regimes, and COVID-19 Deaths PART II INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL CONSEQUENCES 5 Populist Rhetoric and Polarization 6 Populist Attitudes, Cleavage Identification, and Polarization in Austria and Germany 7 Populism, Representation, and Ideological Congruence 8 Populism and Understandings of Democracy PART III INTERNATIONAL CONSEQUENCE 9 Populism and Foreign Policy: Characteristics, Sources, and Implications 10 Populist Parties and Persistent Non-Compliance with EU Law 11 Nativism, Economic Nationalism, and Populism in U.S. Foreign Policy 12 Populism and International Legitimation Strategies PART IV MITIGATION 13 Engaging with Populists: Mitigating Populist Polarization 14 Reducing Partisan Animus in Populist Contexts: Limitations of Shared Common Humanity and Perspective-Taking Interventions 15 Responding to Right-Wing Populism Through Inclusionary Political Narratives 16 Populism and Misinformation 17 Conclusion: Reflections on the Ideational Approach to Populism