Stephan Gramley is Studiendirektor associated with the Department of Linguistics and Literary Studies at Bielefeld University, Germany, where he has worked in the area of language and cultural studies. He has published books on the English language: A Survey of Modern English with Kurt-Michael Pätzold (1st and 2nd editions) and Vivian Gramley (3rd edition); The Vocabulary of World English, and the Bielefeld Introduction to Applied Linguistics (with Vivian Gramley).

Vivian Gramley is a senior lecturer at Bielefeld University, Germany, teaching in applied linguistics, the linguistics of the language system, and language practice. She has published in the areas of clinical linguistics and Deaf education as well as edited the Bielefeld Introduction to Applied Linguistics (with Stephan Gramley), and published the 3rd edition of A Survey of Modern English (with Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michael Pätzold) and Writing in English Studies (with Katharina Pietsch and Tyll Zybura).

List of Illustrations

List of Plates

List of Figures

List of Maps

List of Timelines

List of Tables

Lists of Texts

Lists of Abbreviations

Preface to the first edition

Preface to the second edition

Preface to the third edition

Acknowledgments

PART I

Before Britain

1 The origins of English (before 450)

Chapter overview

1.1 The origins of human language

1.2 Language change

1.3 Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain

1.4 The world of the Germanic peoples

1.5 The Germanic migrations

1.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

PART II

Early English in Britain

2 Old English: early Germanic Britain (450-700)

Chapter overview

2.1 The first peoples

2.2 The Germanic incursions

2.3 Introduction to Old English

2.4 The Christianization of England

2.5 Literature in the early Old English period

2.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

3 Old English: the Viking invasions and their consequences (700-1066/1100)

Chapter overview

3.1 The Viking invasions

3.2 Linguistic influence of Old Norse (ON)

3.3 Creolization

3.4 Standardization

3.5 Social and linguistic variation

3.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

4 Middle English: The non-standard period (1066/1100-1350)

Chapter overview

4.1 Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest

4.2 Middle English and question of creolization

4.3 Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period

4.4 English literature

4.5 Dialectal diversity in ME

4.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

5 Middle English: the emergence of Standard English (1350-1500)

Chapter overview

5.1 Political and social turmoil and demographic developments

5.2 The expansion of domains

5.3 Chancery English

5.4 Literature in the late ME period

5.5 Variation in late ME

5.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

6 The Early Modern English Period (1500-1700)

Chapter overview

6.1 The Early Modern English Period

6.2 Early Modern English

6.3 Regulation and codification

6.4 Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres

6.5 Variation

6.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

PART III

Britain and beyond

7 The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century)

Chapter overview

7.1 Social-historical background

[...]opean expansion and the slave trade

7.3 North America

7.4 The Southern Hemisphere

7.5 Second and foreign language countries (ESL and EFL)

7.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

8 Standard and non-standard English

Chapter overview

8.1 Standard English and General English

8.2 English in England, Wales, Scotland - and Ireland

8.3 North American English (NAmE)

8.4 Southern Hemisphere English

8.5 Ethnicity and language

8.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

9 English pidgins, English creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century)

Chapter overview

9.0 Cultural survivals

9.1 Pidgins

9.2 Creoles

9.3 Pidgin and creole communities

9.4 Theories of origin

9.5 History and textual examples

9.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

10 Grammatical change in ModE

Chapter overview

10.0 Grammatical developments

10.1 Word order

10.2 The noun phrase

10.3 The verb phrase: development of full ModE paradigm

10.4 Other: conjunctions and prepositions

10.5 Substrate influence

10.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

11 Pronunciation change in ModE

Chapter overview

11.1 Introduction and principles of pronunciation change

11.2 The reference accents and other national accents

11.3 Consonants in ModE

11.4 Vowels in ModE

11.5 Vowel changes in ModE: chain shifts and mergers

11.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

12 Vocabulary and Spelling Change in ModE

Chapter overview

12.1 New words and old

12.2 Borrowing

12.3 Word formation

12.4 Pragmatics

12.5 Modern English spelling

12.6 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

PART IV

13 Worldwide English

Chapter overview

13.1 The beginnings of Global English

13.2 Media dominance

13.3 Features of medialized language

13.4 English in a world-wide context

13.5 Bilingualism, code-switching, and hybrid lasnguages

13.4 Summary

Study questions

Topics of interest for further study

Further reading

Glossary

The International Phonetic Alphabet

General bibliography

Index