James J. Gibson (1904-1979) is one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century, best known for his work on visual perception. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University and his first major work was The Perception of the Visual World (1950) in which he rejected behaviorism for a view based on his own experimental work.

In his later works, including The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (1979), Gibson became more philosophical and criticized cognitivism in the same way he had attacked behaviorism before, arguing strongly in favor of direct perception and direct realism, as opposed to cognitivist indirect realism. He termed his new approach "ecological psychology".

Gibson's legacy is increasingly influential on many contemporary movements in psychology, particularly those considered to be post-cognitivist.

Introduction to the Classic Edition by William M. Mace. Preface. Introduction. Part I: The Environment To Be Perceived.The Animal and the Environment. Medium, Substances, Surfaces. The Meaningful Environment. Part II: The Information For Visual Perception.The Relationship Between Stimulation and Stimulus Information. The Ambient Optic Array. Events and the Information for Perceiving Events. The Optical Information for Self-Perception. The Theory of Affordances. PartIII: Visual Perception.Experimental Evidence for Direct Perception: Persisting Layout. Experiments on the Perception of Motion in the World and Movement of the Self. The Discovery of the Occluding Edge and Its Implications for Perception. Looking with the Head and Eyes. Locomotion and Manipulation. The Theory of Information Pickup and Its Consequences. Part IV: Depiction. Pictures and Visual Awareness. Motion Pictures and Visual Awareness. Conclusion. Appendixes: The Principal Terms Used in Ecological Optics. The Concept of Invariants in Ecological Optics.