1. Introduction Peter R. Mansoor and Williamson Murray; Part I. Theoretical Frameworks: 2. Culture and military organizations Leonard Wong and Stephen J. Gerras; 3. Strategic culture David Kilcullen; Part II. Land Forces: 4. Ulysses S. Grant and the culture of the Union Army of Tennessee Wayne Wei-siang Hsieh; 5. 'Playing a very bold game': the organizational culture of the Army of Northern Virginia, 1862-1865 Mark Grimsley; 6. German Army culture, 1871-1945 Jorit Wintjes; 7. The culture of the Indian Army, 1900-1947: an evolving identity Daniel Marston; 8. An army apart: the influence of culture on the Victorian British Army Richard Hart Sinnreich; 9. The culture of the British Army, 1914-1945 Williamson Murray; 10. Imperial Japanese Army culture, 1918-1945: duty heavier than a mountain, death lighter than a feather David Hunter-Chester; 11. Military culture, military efficiency, and the Red Army, 1917-1945 Reina Pennington; 12. An army like no other: the origins of the IDF's military culture Gil-li Vardi; 13. The weight of the shadow of the past: the organizational culture of the Iraqi Army, 1921-2003 Kevin M. Woods; 14. US Army culture, 1973-2017 Peter R. Mansoor; Part III. Maritime Forces: 15. The Royal Navy, 1900-1945: learning from disappointment Corbin Williamson; 16. US Navy cultural transformations, 1945-2017: the jury is still out John T. Kuehn; 17. The US Marine Corps, 1973-2017: cultural preservation in every place and clime Allan R. Millett; Part IV. Air Forces: 18. The culture of the Royal Air Force, 1918-1945 David Stubbs; 19. US Air Force culture, 1947-2017 Robert Farley; 20. Conclusion Peter R. Mansoor and Williamson Murray.