Introduction: the civilianization of war and the unpredictable civil-military divide, 1914-2014 Andrew Barros and Martin Thomas; Part I. Who Fights? Combatants, Mobilization, and the Changing Nature of War: Sections 1. The 'Total War' Era, 1914-45: 1. Doing the necessary: the declaration of London and British strategy, 1905-1915 John Ferris; 2. Fighting the fifth column: the terror in republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War Julius Ruiz; 3. Moscow 1941: the rise and fall of the Soviet People's Militia (Narodnoe Opolchenie) Jean Lévesque; Section 2. The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-2000: 4. The collapsing civil-military divide in wars of decolonization: two case studies from the Indochina War (1945-54) Christopher Goscha; 5. Parallel ambiguities: prisoners during the Algerian War of Independence Raphaëlle Branche; 6. East Pakistan/Bangladesh 1971-72: how many victims, who, and why? Christian Gerlach; 7. 'I wasn't a boy, I was a soldier': militarization and civilianization in narratives of child soldiers in Africa's contemporary conflicts, c. 1990-2010 Stacey Hynd; Part II. A Moving Target: Strategic Bombing and Civilians, 1916-2014: 8. The problems of opening Pandora's box: strategic bombing and the civil-military divide, 1916-39 Andrew Barros; 9. Bombing civilians scientifically: operational research in Bomber Command, 1941-45 Victor Bissonnette; 10. Creating a cordon sanitaire: US strategic bombing and civilians in the Korean War Alexander Downes; 11. 'One hell of a killing machine': how a civilian agency became the vanguard of America's War on Terror Chris Fuller; Part III. Civilian Protection and International Norms and Organizations: When and How Much?: 12. Turn everyone into a civilian: René Cassin and the UNESCO project, 1919-45 Andrew Barros; 13. Human rights is the continuation of war by other means: the United States and the creation of the United Nations Human Rights Commission, 1945-48 Olivier Barsalou; 14. The United Nations, decolonization, and violence against civilians in the French and British Empires Martin Thomas; 15. The 'protection of civilians': peacekeeping's new raison d'être? Frédéric Mégret.